Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants in the 9 Cohort Studies
| Study | No. (%) of Participants by Study |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHS8 | EPESE15 | Health, ABC16,17 | Hispanic EPESE8 | Invecciare in Chianti18 | Osteoporotic Fractures in Men19 | NHANES III20 | PEP21 | Study of Osteoporotic Fractures22 | |
| Sample size, No. | 5801 | 2128 | 3048 | 1905 | 972 | 5833 | 3958 | 491 | 10 349 |
| Women | 3336 (57.51) | 1404 (65.98) | 1575 (51.67) | 1098 (57.64) | 541 (55.66) | 0 | 2044 (51.64) | 216 (43.99) | 10 349 (100) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| White | 4854 (83.68) | 2126 (99.91) | 1783 (58.50) | 0 | 972 (100) | 5223 (89.54) | 2535 (64.05) | 394 (80.24) | 9662 (93.36) |
| Black | 909 (15.67) | 2 (0.09) | 1265 (41.50) | 0 | 0 | 235 (4.03) | 699 (17.66) | 89 (18.13) | 654 (6.32) |
| Hispanic | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1905 (100) | 0 | 122 (2.09) | 623 (15.74) | 0 | 0 |
| Other | 38 (0.66) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 253 (4.34) | 101 (2.55) | 8 (1.63) | 33 (0.32) |
| Age mean (SD), y | 72.81 (5.58) | 78.85 (5.52) | 73.62 (2.87) | 74.74 (5.96) | 74.58 (7.08) | 73.61 (5.84) | 75.17 (6.93) | 74.08 (5.74) | 71.81 (5.21) |
| Age group, y | |||||||||
| 65–74 | 3852 (66.40) | 559 (26.27) | 1912 (62.73) | 1083 (56.85) | 555 (57.10) | 3401 (58.31) | 2033 (51.36) | 279 (56.82) | 7486 (72.34) |
| 75–84 | 1732 (29.86) | 1204 (56.58) | 1136 (37.27) | 668 (35.07) | 302 (31.07) | 2183 (37.42) | 1484 (37.49) | 188 (38.39) | 2596 (25.08) |
| ≥85 | 217 (3.74) | 365 (17.15) | 0 | 154 (8.08) | 115 (11.83) | 249 (4.27) | 441 (11.14) | 24 (4.89) | 200 (1.93) |
| Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 67 (0.65) |
| Gait speed, mean (SD), m/s | 0.86 (0.22) | 0.83 (0.13) | 1.12 (0.23) | 0.56 (0.23) | 1.00 (0.28) | 1.19 (0.23) | 0.68 (0.23) | 0.88 (0.24) | 0.95 (0.22) |
| Gait speed class, m/s | |||||||||
| <0.4 | 149 (2.57) | 0 | 4 (0.13) | 515 (27.03) | 35 (3.60) | 11 (0.19) | 480 (12.13) | 20 (4.07) | 33 (1.19) |
| ≥0.4 to <0.6 | 526 (9.07) | 78 (3.67) | 20 (0.66) | 621 (32.60) | 59 (6.07) | 54 (0.93) | 897 (22.66) | 40 (8.15) | 466 (4.50) |
| ≥0.6 to <0.8 | 1887 (32.53) | 791 (37.17) | 189 (6.20) | 467 (24.51) | 110 (11.32) | 206 (3.53) | 1368 (34.56) | 110 (22.40) | 1752 (16.93) |
| ≥0.8 to <1.0 | 2076 (35.79) | 1105 (51.93) | 705 (23.13) | 220 (11.55) | 246 (25.31) | 875 (15.00) | 887 (22.41) | 166 (33.81) | 3768 (36.41) |
| ≥1.0 to <1.2 | 1077 (18.57) | 135 (6.34) | 1093 (35.86) | 77 (4.04) | 305 (31.38) | 1774 (30.41) | 294 (7.43) | 116 (22.63) | 3054 (29.51) |
| ≥1.2 to <1.4 | 0 | 17 (0.80) | 684 (22.44) | 4 (0.21) | 170 (17.49) | 1911 (32.76) | 32 (0.81) | 36 (7.33) | 970 (9.37) |
| ≥1.4 | 86 (1.48) | 2 (0.09) | 353 (11.58) | 1 (0.05) | 47 (4.84) | 1002 (17.18) | 0 | 3 (0.61) | 217 (2.10) |
| Mobility aid use | |||||||||
| None | NA | 1962 (92.20) | 3048 (100) | 1817 (95.38) | 881 (90.64) | 5792 (99.30) | 3664 (92.57) | 463 (94.11) | 10 165 (98.22) |
| Cane | NA | 87 (4.09) | 0 | 49 (2.57) | 8 (0.82) | 38 (0.65) | 201 (5.08) | 21 (4.27) | All aids |
| Walker | NA | 67 (3.15) | 0 | 23 (1.21) | 3 (0.31) | 0 | 74 (1.87) | 5 (1.01) | Combined |
| Other/missing | NA | 12 (0.56) | 0 | 16 (0.84) | 80 (8.23) | 3 (0.05) | 19 (0.48) | 3 (0.61) | 184 (1.78) |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 26.68 (4.71) | 26.63 (4.64) | 27.40 (4.82) | 27.91 (5.13) | 27.51 (4.11) | 27.39 (3.83) | 26.66 (5.11) | 27.53 (5.12) | 26.61 (4.57) |
| BMI category | |||||||||
| <25 | 2237 (38.65) | 803 (38.24) | 983 (32.25) | 555 (29.13) | 276 (28.40) | 1593 (27.31) | 1544 (39.01) | 156 (31.77) | 4352 (42.05) |
| 25–30 | 2407 (41.49) | 886 (42.64) | 1288 (42.26) | 758 (39.79) | 437 (46.96) | 2991 (51.28) | 1559 (39.39) | 211 (42.97) | 3842 (37.12) |
| >30 | 1144 (19.72) | 411 (19.31) | 777 (25.49) | 577 (30.29) | 243 (25.00) | 1247 (21.38) | 852 (21.53) | 123 (25.05) | 2155 (20.82) |
| Missing | 13 (0.22) | 28 (1.32) | 0 | 15 (0.79) | 16 (1.65) | 2 (0.03) | 3 (0.08) | 1 (0.20) | 0 |
| Hospitalized past year | NA | 395 (18.57) | 456 (14.98) | 304 (15.96) | 129 (13.27) | NA | 775 (19.58) | 97 (19.76) | 1116 (11.51) |
| Diseases | |||||||||
| Cancer | 830 (14.33) | 486 (22.84) | 575 (18.91) | 115 (6.04) | 95 (9.77) | 1697 (29.09) | 387 (9.78) | 113 (23.01) | NA |
| Arthritis | 2977 (51.94) | 2055 (96.57) | 1706 (56.72) | 812 (42.62) | 304 (31.31) | 2764 (47.39) | 1827 (46.16) | 286 (58.25) | 6003 (63.10) |
| Diabetes | 690 (11.90) | 335 (15.74) | 453 (14.88) | 455 (23.88) | 106 (10.91) | 624 (10.70) | 607 (15.34) | 84 (17.11) | 681 (7.04) |
| Heart disease | 1230 (21.20) | 312 (14.66) | 652 (22.03) | 155 (8.14) | 49 (5.05) | 1379 (23.64) | 484 (12.23) | 89 (18.13) | NA |
| Self-reported health excellent/very good | 2177 (37.61) | 542 (74.48) | 1343 (44.12) | 870 (45.67) | 591 (62.61) | 5012 (85.95) | 1204 (30.47) | 229 (46.64) | 8537 (82.49) |
| Total deaths during follow-up | 3851 (66.39) | 1955 (91.87) | 848 (27.82) | 972 (51.02) | 187 (19.24) | 1073 (18.40) | 2837 (71.68) | 293 (59.55) | 5512 (53.26) |
| Median survival years (95% CI) | 13.25 (13.00–13.56) | 9.57 (9.17–9.92) | NE | 11.70 (11.11-NE) | NE | NE | 9.86 (9.53–10.19) | 11.15 (9.82–11.92) | 17.23 (16.97–17.47) |
| Follow-up period, median (range), y | 13.25 (0.01–18.06) | 9.57 (0.10–20.65) | 9.00 (0.02–9.00) | 11.54 (0.07–12.29) | 6.00 (0.18–6.00) | 6.84 (0.04–8.26) | 9.86 (0.08–17.75) | 11.15 (0.12–13.76) | 15.03 (0.02–21.00) |
| Length of walk | 15 feet | 8 feet | 6 m | 8 feet | 4 m | 6 m | 4 m | 4 m | 6 m |
| Year of baseline data collection | 1989–90, 1992–93 | 1987–1989 | 1997–1998 | 1995–1996 | 1998–2000 | 2000–2002 | 1988–1994 | 1996 | 1986–1988, 1997 |
| Year of most recent mortality follow-up | 2007 | 2008 | 2007 | 2007 | 2006 | 2008 | 2006 | 2010 | 2008 |
Abbreviations: ABC, Aging and Body Composition; BMI, body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; CHS, Cardiovascular Health Study; CI, confidence interval; EPESE, Established Populations for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly; NA, not applicable; NE, not estimable due to insufficiently long follow-up and resulting in low mortality rate less than or close to 50%; NHANES III, Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PEP, Predicting Elderly Performance.