Table 3:
Most frequently performed pain management interventions for children undergoing at least one painful procedure
| Intervention | No. of patients receiving intervention | % of patients in intervention category | % of all patients n = 2987 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmacologic | n = 1980 | ||
| Opioid | |||
| Morphine | 351 | 17.7 | 11.8 |
| Fentanyl | 300 | 15.2 | 10.0 |
| Codeine | 236 | 11.9 | 7.9 |
| NSAID | |||
| Ketorolac | 82 | 4.1 | 2.7 |
| Naproxen | 40 | 2.0 | 1.3 |
| Ibuprofen | 20 | 1.0 | 0.7 |
| Non-opioid | |||
| Acetaminophen | 1397 | 70.6 | 46.8 |
| Topical or local anesthetic | |||
| Bupivacaine | 50 | 2.5 | 1.7 |
| Lidocaine | 46 | 2.3 | 1.5 |
| Liposomal lidocaine | 32 | 1.6 | 1.1 |
| Sucrose | 36 | 1.8 | 1.2 |
| Adjuvant | |||
| Ketamine | 140 | 7.1 | 4.7 |
| Clonidine | 50 | 2.5 | 1.7 |
| Physical | n = 609 | ||
| Positioning | 274 | 45.0 | 9.2 |
| Heat or cold therapy | 124 | 20.4 | 4.2 |
| Non-nutritive sucking | 106 | 17.4 | 3.5 |
| Psychologic | n = 584 | ||
| Preparation or education | 214 | 36.6 | 7.2 |
| Reassurance | 158 | 27.1 | 5.3 |
| Deep breathing | 103 | 17.6 | 3.4 |
| Behavioural distraction | 57 | 9.8 | 1.9 |
Note: NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.