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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Atherosclerosis. 2011 Jan 21;215(2):500–506. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.01.012

Table 3.

Relationship between cigarette smoking and CFR, treating twins as separate individuals.

Coronary Flow
Reserve		 Non-smokers Smokers p-value
Mean (95% CI) Mean (95% CI)
Unadjusted (Base Model)
2.75 (2.64, 2.86) 2.25 (2.04, 2.46) <0.001
Adjusted for coronary risk factors and medications*
2.74 (2.62, 2.86) 2.28 (2.04, 2.53) <0.001
Further adjusted for presence and severity of perfusion defects†
2.77 (2.61, 2.93) 2.27 (2.03, 2.50) <0.001
Further adjusted depression and PTSD‡
2.81 (2.65, 2.97) 2.22 (1.98, 2.46) <0.001

Abbreviations: CFR: coronary flow reserve

All values presented are least square means (95% confidence interval) derived from mixed models that included a random intercept for pair.

Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is defined as the ratio of MBFhyperemia to MBFrest.

*

Adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), previous history of coronary heart disease, plasma lipids (high, total, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol); use of aspirin and use of statins.

†

Adjusted for coronary risk factors, medications, and summed stress score.

‡

Adjusted for coronary risk factors, medications, history of major depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).