Biochemical and genetic analysis of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in a family, due to prolonged neuromuscular blockade after the use of succinylcholine

Abstract

Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a plasma enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of choline esters, including the muscle-relaxant succinylcholine and mivacurium. Patients who present sustained neuromuscular blockade after using succinylcholine usually carry BChE variants with reduced enzyme activity or an acquired BChE deficiency. We report here the molecular basis of the BCHE gene underlying the slow catabolism of succinylcholine in a patient who underwent endoscopic nasal surgery. We measured the enzyme activity of BChE and extracted genomic DNA in order to study the promoter region and all exons of the BCHE gene of the patient, her parents and siblings. PCR products were sequenced and compared with reference sequences from GenBank. We detected that the patient and one of her brothers have two homozygous mutations: nt1615 GCA > ACA (Ala539Thr), responsible for the K variant, and nt209 GAT > GGT (Asp70Gly), which produces the atypical variant A. Her parents and two of her brothers were found to be heterozygous for the AK allele, and another brother is homozygous for the normal allele. Sequence analysis of exon 1 including 5′UTR showed that the proband and her brother are homozygous for –116GG. The AK/AK genotype is considered the most frequent in hereditary hypocholinesterasemia (44%). This work demonstrates the importance of defining the phenotype and genotype of the BCHE gene in patients who are subjected to neuromuscular block by succinylcholine, because of the risk of prolonged neuromuscular paralysis.

Butyrylcholinesterase or pseudocholinesterase is a serine hydrolase that catalyses the hydrolysis of choline esters, including the muscle-relaxant succinylcholine and mivacurium. Currently, succinylcholine is the drug of choice for tracheal intubation in rapid-sequence inductions, as in emergency situations, and for patients at high risk of gastroesophageal reflux (Caldwell, 2004; Miller, 2004).

After the introduction, in 1951, of suxamethonium chloride as a muscle relaxant drug, it was noticed that subjects with butyrylcholinesterase deficiency to which this drug was given suffered from prolonged neuromuscular blockade, requiring continuous artificial respiratory support (Evans et al., 1952). Later on, BChE deficiency was identified as an inherited condition in which the plasma enzyme was unable to hydrolyze the drug efficiently that could be identified and classified by biochemical analysis (Kalow and Genest, 1957).

The phenotypic classification of BChE is made by measuring the enzyme activity and by using specific enzyme inhibitors that produce phenotype-specific patterns of `inhibitor numbers'. The silent phenotype is characterized by the complete absence of BChE activity or by an enzyme activity < 10% of the average levels of the usual phenotype. The atypical (A) variant resists in vitro to the inhibition by dibucaine. The K variant (named in honor of Dr. Werner Kalow) is associated with a reduction in BChE activity (Rubinstein et al., 1978), and is a variant that can only be identified by inhibition methods when it occurs in heterozygosis with the atypical variant allele (Goodall, 2004), although sometimes the phenotype classification may not correspond to the DNA analysis (Bartels et al., 1992).

Recently, DNA sequencing has made it possible to identify the BChE variants at the DNA level. It was demonstrated that the alleles BCHE*A and BCHE*K correspond, respectively, to the point mutations nt209 GAT > GGT (Asp70Gly) and nt1615 GCA > ACA (Ala539Thr), whereas different mutations have been described as being responsible for the silent phenotype (La Du et al., 1990; Bartels et al., 1992; Lockridge and Masson, 2000; Parmo-Folloni et al., 2008).

A mutation detection approach has already been proposed for the investigation and characterization of the BChE variants in individuals who present reduced plasmatic enzyme activity and need to undergo anesthetic procedures. What makes this approach advantageous is the fact that the phenotype is well defined, the gene is relatively small (73 kb; four exons interrupted by 3 introns with exon 1 not translated; coding region 1722 nucleotides), and the majority of abnormalities described are point mutations (Yen et al., 2003; Goodall, 2004).

In this study, we report the mutations in the BCHE gene responsible for the prolonged neuromuscular blockade presented by a patient subjected to an endoscopic nasal surgery at the Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Afterwards, other members of the family were screened for the same mutation.

The patient, a woman, was 34 years old at the time of the study, weighed 90 kg, had untreated chronic arterial hypertension, presented recurring epistaxis for 24 h and was hospitalized in the Otolaryngology Department for etiological investigation. Nasal fibroscopy was performed, which showed active bleeding in the right sphenopalatine artery area. Homeostasis was tried with a nasal tampon. After two days, as the patient's bleeding continued, an endoscopic ligation of the sphenopalatine artery was performed, under general anesthesia, with an estimated duration of 30 to 60 min.

As preanesthetic medication 1.5 mg midazolam were used, and the patient was monitored with a pulse oximeter, electrocardiogram and an automatic noninvasive blood pressure monitor. Anesthesia was induced with remifentanil in continuous infusion, etomidate (0.2 mg/kg), suxamethonium (1.1 mg/kg) and, after the orotracheal intubation, atracurium (0.4 mg/kg). The anesthesia was maintained with continuous administration of propofol and remifentanil.

Although the patient had been fasting for over eight hours, rapid-sequence orotracheal intubation was chosen due to the presence of blood in the airways. The surgical procedure lasted 55 min and was accomplished without complications. Immediate drug suspension at the infusion pump and neuromuscular block reversion with atropine (1 mg) and neostigmine (2 mg, plus 1 mg) were done.

Fifteen minutes after the end of the procedure, the patient presented tachycardia, lacrimation and lack of motor muscular response. Due to the prolonged neuromuscular block, the patient was sedated and monitored with TOF (train of four, TOF-Guard INMT®). After succinylcholine administration, the first response in TOF appeared in 155 min, and spontaneous ventilation in 250 min. At this time, TOF was 40%. After 355 min, the patient had three consecutive TOF measurements over 90%. Sedation was discontinued, the airways were aspirated, and the patient extubated.

Due to the symptoms presented, the possibility of the patient having butyrylcholinesterase deficiency was raised. Plasma cholinesterase measured by the photocolorimeter method was 1,310 U/L (normal reference rate: 3,200 to 9,000 U/L) (Table 1). After the initial evaluation, it was suggested to continue the investigation through enzyme activity measurements and molecular biology studies of the patient and her family. They all signed informed consent forms for genetic studies.

Table 1.

BChE enzyme dosage and activity in the patient (II.2) and her relatives.

Subject	Age (years)	Enzyme dosage (U/L) quantitative	Enzyme activity dosage (μMSH/3 min/mL) qualitative	Genotype
I - 1	62	3323	14.15	UU/AK
I - 2	58	2924	13.67	UU/AK
II - 1	39	np	2.42	AK/AK
II - 2	34	1310	0.264	AK/AK
II - 3	31	2924	24.8	UU/AK
II - 4	21	np	37.2	UU/AK
II - 5	20	np	46.6	UU/UU

np: not performed.

Before the molecular analysis, butyrylcholinesterase enzyme activity was measured in the samples obtained, using the method described by Garry and Routh (1965). This is a colorimetric method for plasma or serum, using acetyl-thiocholine as substrate and 2 nitrobenzoic acid (5:5-di-thiobis) (DTNB) as chromogenic agent. Plasma cholinesterase acts on acetylthiocholine releasing thiocholine which reacts with DTNB, producing a yellow color. The enzyme activity is measured after incubation for 3 min at 37 °C, and then the reaction is stopped by adding quinidine sulfate. The difference in absorbance between the test and the blank is measured at 412 nm in a spectrophotometer.

Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes, using a Super Quick-gene-rapid DNA isolation kit (Promega), following the manufacturer's instructions.

The BCHE promoter region and its four exons were amplified by PCR using specific primers as described by Levano et al. (2005) (Table 2).

Table 2.

Primers used for amplification and sequencing of the promoter and coding regions of the BCHE gene.

Primer names	Primer sequences	Size of the PCR products (bp)	Annealing temperature (°C)
BCHEPF	GTATGACTTAAATAAGTGTTG	521	52
BCHEPR	GAATGTAACAATCAACTGTTAC
BCHEEx1F	AACAGATTTCAAGTTGCTGCTG	261	57
BCHEEx1R	TCATCCCACAGAATGAGCTTT
BCHEEx2F1	TCTTTTGCTCTGCATGCTTATTG	450	59
BCHEEx2R1	CTTTCAACCCGAGCCAGAAA
BCHEEx2F2	TGGATTCCAGCACCTAAACC	624	58
BCHEEx2R2	TATGTCTGGCATGTCAGTGAGA
BCHEEx2F3	AACTTTGGTCCGACCGTGGAT	618	61
BCHEEx2R3	AAAACGGATCAAACCAAGCCAG
BCHEEx3F	AGCCCAGTTCACATACGTT	407	55
BCHEEx3R	CACCGTGCCTTGGAGAGTAT
BCHEEx4F	AAAATGGCTTTTGTATTCGAAATTA	750	57
BCHEEx4R	GTGGCTGAGCCTCTCATTTT

All PCR reactions were standardized with the following conditions: 2.5 mM of each primer, 2.5 mM of dNTPs, 2.5 μL of 1x buffer (Biotools), 1U of Taq polymerase (Biotools); 200 ng of genomic DNA, and 14 μL of distilled water, in a final reaction volume of 25 μL. PCR was performed as follows: an initial denaturation step of 4 min, followed by 35 cycles consisting of 40 s at 94 °C (denaturation), 50 s at annealing temperatures (specific for each reaction) (Table 2), an extension of 50 s at 72 °C, and a final extension of 10 min at 72 °C.

The PCR-amplified DNA fragments were subjected to direct sequencing in an automatic capillary sequencing system (MegaBACE 1000 DNA Sequencing System®, Molecular Dynamics & Amersham Life Science), using a DYEnamic ET terminator Sequencing System® kit and the same PCR primers, following the manufacturer's instructions.

The sequencing results were analyzed using the FinchTV version 1.4.0 (Geospiza Inc. 2004–2006) and Polyphred (Geospiza Inc.) softwares; the sequences obtained were compared with reference sequences from GenBank (NM_000055). The nomenclature used to classify the genotypes was as proposed by La Du et al (1991).

The BChE enzyme activity measurements (expressed in μM SH/3 min/mL of plasma) of the patient, her parents and her siblings, are presented in Table 1.

The molecular analyses revealed that the proband (II.2) and her brother (II.1), who has low enzyme activity too, present two point mutations in homozygosis: nt1615 GCA > ACA (Ala539Thr), responsible for the K variant, and nt209 GAT > GGT (Asp70Gly), which produces the atypical variant. Her parents (I.1 e I.2), as well as two of her siblings (II.3 e II.4), are heterozygotes for these two sites of the BCHE gene, and her other brother (II.5), who presented the highest enzyme activity, is homozygous for the usual (normal) variants at both examined sites (Figures 1 and 2). The analysis of exon 1 including 5′UTR showed that the proband and her brother with low enzyme activity (II.1) are both homozygous for –116G.

Figure 1.

Pedigree of the studied family.

Figure 2.

Description of the mutations in the BCHE gene of the patient and her relatives. The figure shows the sequencing electropherograms of the amplified fragment of exons 2 and 4 of the analyzed individuals. The highlighted bases (blue) indicate the position of the mutations. The left column shows the results of the analysis of exon 2. Missense mutation GAT to GGT in codon 70 was found in heterozygosis in subjects I-1, I-2, II-3 and II-4, and in homozygosis in subjects II-1 and II-2 (patient). The right column shows the results of the analysis of exon 4. Missense mutation GCA to ACA in codon 539 was found in heterozygosis in individuals I-1, I-2, II-3 and II-4, and in homozygosis in individuals II-1 and II-2 (patient). Subject II-5 did not present mutations in any of both exons. Individuals are identified as in Figure 1.

Prolonged neuromuscular blockade after the use of succinylcholine occurs in patients with a significant BChE deficiency, compromising more than 70% of the enzyme activity, and is caused mostly by genetic abnormalities. Hypocholinesterasemia may also occur during pregnancy, liver diseases, malnutrition and chronic diseases, but in these cases the enzyme deficiency is usually low, and there is rarely a prolonged neuromuscular blockade (about 6% of the cases) (Viby-Mogensen and Hanel, 1978).

Variant K presents a linkage disequilibrium regarding the point mutation responsible for the atypical variant in 89% of its carriers (Bartels et al., 1992). This association contributes to the additional 33% reduction in the BChE enzyme activity V_max in atypical (A) serum. Patients with genotype AK/AK have reduced enzyme activity, and this is the most common genotype responsible for hereditary hypocholinesterasemia (44%) (Yen et al., 2003). Furtado-Alle et al. (2008) found that point mutation −116G > A in exon 1 of the BCHE gene in cis with the K variant is also responsible for the decrease in BChE activity.

In the case reported here, the prolonged neuromuscular blockade after use of succinylcholine was due to the association of variants A and K in cis (genotype AK/AK), as described by Yen et al (2003), and not to the association of variants K and –116A in cis. We also showed the importance of knowing the BChE phenotype and genotype of patients who will undergo surgical procedures when the use of succinylcholine or mivacurium is indicated as a neuromuscular blocker drug. The risk of prolonged neuromuscular blockade in these cases is estimated at 2.18% (Vaisi-Raygani et al., 2007).

This study makes it clear that, whenever a subject with butyrylcholinesterase deficiency is detected, the patient's family, especially his/her siblings, should be investigated, because, although the enzyme activity is determined in a codominant manner, the clinical phenotype usually displays a recessive pattern.