Table 4.
Risk of all cause mortality among patients with COPD by treatment regimen* and covariates
| Characteristic | Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI)† |
|---|---|
| Treatment groups* | |
| ICS+LABA+Tio+BB | 0.28 (0.21 to 0.39) |
| ICS+LABA+Tio | 0.43 (0.38 to 0.48) |
| ICS+LABA+BB | 0.44 (0.31 to 0.62) |
| ICS+LABA | 0.64 (0.57 to 0.74) |
| ICS+BB | 0.48 (0.31 to 0.74) |
| ICS | 0.69 (0.58 to 0.83) |
| ICS +Tio | 0.61 (0.47 to 0.80) |
| LABA or Tio (no ICS)+BB | 0.52 (0.36 to 0.76) |
| LABA or Tio (no ICS) | 0.71 (0.59 to 0.84) |
| BB (no ICS) | 0.65 (0.51 to 0.83) |
| Covariates used in Cox regression model | |
| History of hospital admission: | |
| For cardiovascular disease | 2.04 (1.84 to 2.27) |
| For respiratory disease | 2.38 (2.16 to 2.62) |
| Age at study entry (years) | 1.05 (1.05 to 1.06) |
| Sex (male) | 1.19 (1.09 to 1.31) |
| Smoking (pack years) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.01) |
| History of diabetes | 0.91 (0.80 to 1.03) |
| FEV1‡ | 0.98 (0.97 to 0.98) |
| Resting SaO2§ | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) |
| Deprivation index¶: | |
| 1 | 0.99 (0.89 to 1.11) |
| 2 | 1.02 (0.88 to 1.19) |
| 3 | 0.88 (0.76 to 1.02) |
| 4 | 0.85 (0.73 to 1.00) |
| Cardiovascular drugs: | |
| Aspirin | 0.80 (0.73 to 0.88) |
| Statins | 0.89 (0.81 to 0.97) |
| ACE inhibitors | 0.79 (0.72 to 0.88) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 0.71 (0.64 to 0.78) |
*Treatments: ICS=inhaled corticosteroid, BB=β blocker, LABA=long acting β agonist, Tio=tiotropium.
†Adjusted hazard ratios relative to the control group, which received only treatment with short acting β agonists or antimuscarinic agent.
‡FEV1=forced expiratory volume in one second, given as percentage predicted for age, sex, and race.
§SaO2=arterial oxygen saturation.
¶Health board specific Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (HBSIMD), rated on a scale of 1–4 (1=most deprived, 4=least deprived).