Table 2.
 Association between treatment with proton pump inhibitors and risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Values are hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) unless stated otherwise
| Outcome | Events during follow-up | Time to dependent Cox proportional hazards regression | P value | Propensity score matched Cox proportional hazards regression analysis | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients not treated with PPIs | Patients treated with PPIs | |||||
| Cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke | 2378 (15.2) | 987 (22.9) | 1.46 (1.33 to 1.61) | <0.001 | 1.61 (1.45 to 1.79) | <0.001 |
| All cause death | 1607 (10.3) | 686 (15.9) | 1.78 (1.60 to 1.98) | <0.001 | 2.38 (2.12 to 2.67) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular death | 1328 (8.5) | 540 (12.5) | 1.71 (1.51 to 1.92) | <0.001 | 2.19 (1.92 to 2.49) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 1110 (7.1) | 497 (11.5) | 1.39 (1.20 to 1.62) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.13 to 1.56) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 1207 (7.7) | 338 (7.9) | 1.23 (1.03 to 1.47) | 0.03 | 1.20 (0.99 to 1.46) | 0.06 |
PPIs=proton pump inhibitors.
Use of proton pump inhibitors was included as time to dependent covariate.