Maximizing early detection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via SILA C-proteomics

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the sixth most frequent cause of cancer death worldwide. Human ESCC carcinogenesis is a multistage process involving multifactorial etiology and genetic-environment interactions.^1,2 Patients with ESCC have a poor prognosis, with 5-year survival rates of less than 10%, because of its rapid spread and cancer-associated malnutrition due to dysphagia and cachexia.³ The molecular mechanisms that underlie tumor formation and progression are still not completely understood, although several advances, based on alterations of gene expression and deregulated protein levels, have been reported. These studies identified candidate biomarker molecules, such as annexin I and tumor rejection antigen, via proteomic approaches.⁴ Unfortunately, most of the newly described biomarkers have limited specificity, sensitivity or both.^5–7 The discovery of new markers to discriminate normal from tumor cells is critically important for the early detection and diagnosis of ESCC. Among these, the identification of biomarkers secreted or shed by the tumor is the key step in the development of accessible and cost effective patient screening.

Most secreted proteins are predicted to have a 70 amino acid signal peptide located at the N-terminus of the nascent protein. This signal sequence is cleaved in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and the protein is ultimately released outside of the plasma membrane through a tightly regulated multistage vesicle fusion event.⁸ In this process, the secreted proteins are released in the blood stream or extracellular fluid, where they are diluted by six or more orders of magnitude and subjected to proteolysis.⁹ As a consequence, cancer biomarkers are present at nanomolar concentrations in an abundant background of extracellular matrix and serum proteins. Conventional detection techniques may be limited by the complexity and broad dynamic range of such samples.¹⁰ Currently, there is a growing consensus that a panel of markers, rather than individual molecules, would increase the efficacy and accuracy of early stage cancer detection. The “tumor secretome,” or group of proteins, secreted by the cancer cells,¹¹ can be analyzed to identify circulating molecules present at elevated levels in serum or plasma from cancer patients. These proteins have the potential to act as cancer derived marker candidates, which are distinct from hostresponsive marker candidates. In recent years, several groups have demonstrated the efficacy of secretome-based strategies in a variety of cancers including breast cancer, lung cancer and oral cancer.^12–14 Similarly, a limited number of studies investigated differentially expressed proteins in ESCC versus non-lesional cells and identified a variety of candidate biomarkers including PRDX5 and HSP90.^15,16 The secretome of cancer cells in these studies was resolved by one-or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, subjected either to in-gel trypsic digestion and eventually analyzed by MALDI-TOF or LC-MS/MS or directly trypsinized in solution and run on the LC-MS/MS. Advances in both protein separation and detection resulted in the identification of more and more proteins and significant decrease of the false positive findings. In general, the LC-MS/MS methodology detected more proteins then the MALDI-TOF technique. Although the results from these proteomic-based approaches are quite encouraging, the progress of these studies has been hampered by the unresolved yet question how to accurately compare comprehensive proteomes and their subsets such as secretomes.

A possible solution of this problem may be the use of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC). This is an emerging technology for quantitative proteomics that allows clear quantification of cellular aspects that differ between two phenotypes.^17–19 In the current issue of Cancer Biology & Therapy,²⁰ Kashyap and colleagues successfully utilized this technique to identify potential biomarker panels for ESCC detection. SILAC uses the normal metabolic machinery of the cell to label proteins with “light” (normal) amino acid or “heavy” (isotope) amino acids (Fig. 1). The heavy amino acid can contain ²H instead of H, ¹³C instead of ¹²C or ¹⁵N instead of ¹⁴N. Within six doublings, the amino acids are fully incorporated into every peptide produced and secreted by the cell. Incorporation of the heavy amino acid into a peptide leads to a detectable (usually 2–6 Da) mass shift compared to the peptide that contains the light version of the amino acid, but no other chemical changes are introduced. In the study by Kashyap et al. the normal cells were labeled with the heavy amino acid and the cancer cells were labeled with the light amino acid.²⁰ Upon incorporation of the labeled amino acids, the conditioned media from both populations ware harvested, the proteomes were extracted, resolved on SDS-PAGE and analyzed by mass spectroscopy (MS). Metabolic labeling experiments are especially advantageous in identifying proteins secreted in culture because peptides naturally expressed appear as sequence-matched pairs separated by the fixed mass offset. If both cell populations secreted equal amounts of a given protein, recovered peptides appear at a 1:1 ratio. A higher intensity from the peptide that contains heavy amino acid indicates that the protein was more abundant in one of the populations (Fig. 1). Because there isn't any chemical difference between the light and the heavy amino acids, the ratio of the peak intensities in the mass spectrometer directly yields the ratio of the proteins in the respective cell population. Low signal-to noise ratio, as detected by Kashyap et al. ensures accuracy of the quantification. Based on that, the group identified not only several biomarkers previously known to be increased in ESCC, such as MMP1 and the transferrin receptor, but also a panel of novel candidate molecules.²⁰

Figure 1.

Quantification of the tumor secretome using SILAC.

Taken together, these results may lead to the discovery of novel diagnostic tests for ESCC. The approach used by the authors, however has considerable limitations. Whereas proteins in cultured cells can be readily labeled, those in living organisms cannot. Technologies have been developed to metabolically label worms, flies,²¹ and even mice,²² but human labeling has remained “unlikeable”. Moreover, the high-accuracy of SILAC-based quantification may be more than what is needed for proteomics-based biomarker discovery. The sensitivity of current mass spectroscopy-based detection methods suggests that subtle changes in the cancer secretome picked up by SILAC may be difficult if not impossible to accurately monitor in plasma levels at this time. Nevertheless, such studies offer valuable knowledge for selecting the right candidate molecules and pave the way for the development of more accessible and practical detection techniques.

Commentary to: Kashyap M, Harsha HC, Renuse S, Pawar H, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Kim MS, et al. SILAC-based quantitative proteomic approach to identify potential biomarkers from the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma secretome. Cancer Biol Ther. 2010 This issue.