Abstract
This study was designed to observe the overall neonatal mortality and pattern of neonatal death in a developing country. The factors related to neonatal mortality are also analyzed. This retrospective study was carried out in all pediatric patients in a tertiary level hospital of a developing country in the year 2008. Total neonatal (0–28 days) and non-neonatal (after 28 days-12 years) admissions and death records were analyzed. There were a total of 3,194 admissions in the year 2008. Neonatal and non-neonatal admissions numbered 942 and 2,252, respectively. There were a total of 146 (15.5%) neonatal deaths among neonatal admissions and 114 (5.06%) non-neonatal deaths among non-neonatal admissions. There were 87 (59.59%) preterm related deaths and 98 (67.12%) deaths due to Low Birth Weight (LBW). There were 102 (70%) deaths among neonates who had no antenatal follow-up. Mother's age was under 20 years in 80 (55%) cases of neonatal death. The number of neonatal deaths is high in developing countries. Preterm with Low Birth Weight (LBW) is the major cause of mortality. Regular antenatal care and social discouragement of early marriage can greatly reduce neonatal death. Skilled and trained nursing care is necessary for the survival of the preterm and Low Birth Weight (LBW) baby in the hospitals of developing countries.
Key words: neonatal mortality, tertiary level hospital, developing country.
Introduction
Each year 4 million neonates die during the first four weeks of life. In the less developed countries, these account for 98% of reported neonatal deaths.1 There has been a global decline in under five and infant mortality rates in recent decades, but neonatal mortality rates have remained relatively unchanged.2 Mortality during the first 28 days of life now accounts for two thirds of deaths in children under one year of age and nearly four-tenths of all deaths in children under five years of age.3–5 Infections may account for approximately half of newborn deaths at the community leve.6 Low Birth Weight (LBW) is an overriding factor in the majority of the deaths.2
Since 2000, when the United Nations Millennium declaration was signed, there have been ever greater efforts to reduce mortality among children under five years of age. It will be difficult to reach the stated goal (cutting the rate by two-thirds by 2015) without reducing the number of neonatal deaths.1
In this study, we present overall percentage and pattern of neonatal deaths in a tertiary hospital of a developing country. In order to prevent the neonatal mortality, it is imperative to know the causes and predisposing factors.
Materials and Methods
In this retrospective study, all the records in the pediatric department of a tertiary medical college hospital of a developing country in the year 2008 (1st January to 31st December) were observed. The neonatal causes of death and factors related to cause of death were analyzed. Total neonatal admissions and deaths were also compared with other age groups. Neonates are up to 28 days of age. Non-neonates are from the age of 28 days to 12 years. Preterm was considered if the gestational age was less than 37 completed weeks. Low Birth Weight (LBW), Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW), Extreme Low Birth Weight (ELBW) was recorded if the birth weight was under 2.5 kg, under 2 kg, under 1.5 kg, respectively. Every case was diagnosed according to the clinical and investigation criteria.
Results
There were 3,194 admissions in the year 2008 in a pediatric department of Khulna Medical College Hospital in Bangladesh. Among them, there were 942 neonatal admissions and 2,252 non-neonatal admissions. In that period, there were 146 (15.5%) neonatal deaths among neonatal admissions but the percentage of deaths among total admissions was 4.57%. The non-neonatal death rate was 5.06% (n=114) among the non-neonatal admissions. This death rate was 3.57% of total admissions. The majority of neonatal admissions were between the months of July and December (n=516, 55%). There were 87 (59.5%) preterm related deaths in the neonatal period. All the preterm cases were associated with LBW. There were 98 (67.12%) deaths associated with LBW neonates.
Death from neonatal infection was observed in 42 (28.77%) cases. Table 1 shows the pattern of death in the neonatal period in the year 2008. Preterm-Low Birth Weight related cases in discharged neonates were lower in relation to infection and other diseases. Table 2 shows the pattern of cases in discharged neonates.
Table 1. Pattern of neonatal deaths (Total neonatal deaths, n=146).
| Preterm related death | Infection related death | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Preterm LBW with septicemia | 22 | Preterm LBW with septicemia | 22 |
| Preterm LBW with birth asphyxia | 11 | Septicemia | 09 |
| Preterm LBW with HIE | 34 | Neonatal jaundice with septicemia | 03 |
| Preterm LBW with RDS | 20 | Aspiration pneumonia | 04 |
| Very LBW with septicemia | 04 | ||
| Total | 87 (59.59%) | Total | 42 (28.77%) |
| Low birth weight (LBW) related death | Others | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Preterm LBW with septicemia | 22 | HIE | 06 |
| Preterm LBW with birth asphyxia | 11 | Birth asphyxia | 02 |
| Preterm LBW with HIE | 34 | Birth asphyxia with congenital anomaly | 01 |
| Preterm LBW with RDS | 20 | Brought dead | 08 |
| Extreme LBW | 06 | Congenital Heart Disease with birth asphyxia | 01 |
| Very LBW with septicemia | 04 | Meconium aspiration syndrome | 06 |
| LBW with multiple congenital anomaly | 01 | Rh incompatibility with kernicterus | 01 |
| Hirschprung disease with aspiration pneumonia | 01 | ||
| HIE with laryngomalacia | 02 | ||
| Meningocele | 01 | ||
| Tracheoesophageal fistula | 01 | ||
| Total | 98 (67.12%) | Total | 30 (20.50%) |
HIE = Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy, RDS = Respiratory Distress Syndrome, LBW= Low Birth Weight.
All preterm cases were associated with LBW
Table 2. Pattern of cases in discharged and referred neonates (Total n=796).
| Preterm neonate | Infected neonate | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Preterm low birth weight with birth asphyxia | 13 | Pneumonia with congenital heart disease | 02 |
| Preterm low birth weight | 79 | Congenital pneumonia | 61 |
| Preterm | 17 | Preterm low birth weight with septicemia | 01 |
| Preterm with congenital anomaly | 01 | Septicemia | 50 |
| Preterm low birth weight with club foot | 01 | Meningitis | 04 |
| Preterm low birth weight with septicemia | 01 | Acute Gastro Enteritis | 26 |
| Preterm low birth weight with neonatal jaundice | 03 | Birth asphyxia with septicemia | 01 |
| Preterm with meningocele | 01 | Septicemia with neonatal jaundice | 01 |
| Preterm low birth weight with hypoxic ischemic | 01 | Skin infection | 01 |
| encephalopathy | Septic arthritis | 01 | |
| Tetanus neonatarum | 01 | ||
| Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy with | 01 | ||
| Septicemia | |||
| Umblical sepsis | 01 | ||
| Tota 117 (14.7%) | Total 151(19%) |
| Low birth weight neonate | Others | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Preterm low birth weight | 9 | Birth asphyxia | 208 |
| Very low birth weight | 02 | Muconium aspiration syndrome | 14 |
| Preterm low birth weight with birth asphyxia | 13 | Apnea | 01 |
| Preterm low birth weight with club foot | 01 | Neonatal jaundice | 48 |
| Preterm low birth weight with septicemia | 01 | Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy | 47 |
| Low birth weight | 58 | Gastro-esophageal reflux | 10 |
| Low birth weight with birth asphyxia | 10 | Pneumothorax | 01 |
| Low birth weight with cleft lip | 01 | Aspiration pneumonia with congenital | 04 |
| Preterm low birth weight with neonatal | 03 | anomaly | |
| jaundice | Hydrocephalus | 04 | |
| Low birth weight with hypoxic | 01 | Congenital rubella syndrome | 02 |
| ischemic encephalopathy | Intestinal obstruction | 01 | |
| Low birth weight with congenital heart | 01 | Baby of a diabetic mother | 02 |
| disease | Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis | 01 | |
| Pierre Robin syndrome | 01 | ||
| Erythema toxicum | 04 | ||
| Baby for check-up | 86 | ||
| Aspiration pneumonia | 02 | ||
| Birth trauma | 01 | ||
| Congenital heart disease | 02 | ||
| Storage disease | 01 | ||
| Baby of hepatitis B positive mother | 01 | ||
| Hydrocephalus with meningitis | 01 | ||
| Rh incompatibility | 04 | ||
| Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn | 01 | ||
| Cephalhematoma | 01 | ||
| Hirschprungs disease | 02 | ||
| Anencephaly with cleft lip | 01 | ||
| Bilateral cleft lip with palate | 01 | ||
| Tracheo-esophageal fistula | 01 | ||
| Total 170 (21%) | Total 454 (57%) |
Most deliveries took place at home and the remainder in hospital. There were 102 (70%) cases of neonatal death concerning babies who had had no antenatal follow-up through the pregnancy. Among the discharged neonates, 238 (30%) had no antenatal follow-up through the pregnancy. Of the neonatal deaths, there were 80 (55%) cases in which the mother was aged under 20 years.
No preterm infant received antenatal steroids or surfactant in either group. Surfactant was less available in this country. The neonatal care system was poor. There was no special neonatal transportation system. All the neonates were transported by the attendant directly from the home and hospital. There was no neonatal intensive care facility in the hospital. There was a separate neonatal ward with facilities for incubator care, phototherapy and radiant heater but no facility for blood gas analysis. There were a total of 10 beds and 5 incubators in the neonatal ward. There were no specialized trained neonatal care nurses on the neonatal ward. A total of 4 nurses were on duty on each shift. Each shift lasted eight hours. Nurses looked after both the non-neonatal and neonatal wards. There were 5 pediatric consultants for both the neonatal and non-neonatal wards.
Discussion
Although there has been a global decline in under five and infant mortality rates in recent decades, neonatal mortality is still relatively high.2 Our study confirms this because neonatal mortality was higher in relation to non-neonatal deaths (15.5% in the neonatal and 5.06% in the non-neonatal age group). Considering deaths in relation to total admissions, the neonatal mortality in our study was 4.57% but in the non-neonatal age group the death rate was 3.5%. The majority of neonatal admissions were in the last six months of the year. There might be some seasonal impact on neonatal admission.
Worldwide, 98% of all neonatal deaths occur in developing countries and are largely due to infections (32%), birth asphyxia (29%), and consequences of prematurity and congenital anomalies (34%).7 In our series, there were 87 (59.5%) preterm with LBW related deaths. Infection was the second leading cause of death in the neonatal period (n=42, 28.77%). There was also overlapping causes of death in the neonatal period. As in another study, our observation was that Low Birth Weight (LBW) was an overriding factor in the majority of the deaths.2 Neonatal deaths generally result from complication of preterm birth, birth asphyxia or trauma during birth, infection, severe malnutrition or other specifically perspective perinatal causes.1
Maternal health and antenatal care can have a profound effect on reducing perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality.8 In our observation, 70% of mothers in cases of neonatal death had no antenatal follow-up. Our study also showed a similar picture for reducing the neonatal morbidity and mortality. About 55% of mothers were under 20 years of age. This early child bearing age had a negative influence on the nutritional status of the mother which was related with higher neonatal mortality.
The death rate in the neonatal period was high in comparison to the non-neonatal admissions. Preterm with LBW was the major cause of mortality. Preventive measures are the mainstay for the reduction of neonatal mortality. Regular antenatal care and discouraging early maternal marriage is necessary for this. Skilled and trained nursing care could prevent the death of these preterm with LBW babies in the neonatal care unit but this is lacking in the hospitals of developing countries.
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