Table 1.

Weighted estimates of characteristics of persons using opioids long-term for chronic non-cancer pain by time-scheduled and pain-contingent dosing status. Limited to persons with 155+ days of pain in the prior 6 months.

Variable	A. Pain- contingent dosing only	B. Time- scheduled dosing only	p-value A vs. B	Both A and B	Neither A nor B	All persons
Sample size (unweighted) (Weighted percent)	325 (25.6 %)	967 (44.8 %)		180 (9.5 %)	309 (20.1%)	1781 (100.0 %)
Female (%)	67.7 %	59.5 %	p=.053	49.7 %	71.4 %	63.1 %
Mean age	53.6	56.6	p=.006	54.5	55.5	55.6
Body Mass Index	32.1	30.9	p=0.10	31.3	29.6	31.0
Some college education (%)	58.7 %	63.9 %	p=.24	51.8 %	59.3 %	60.5 %
Ever had a drug or alcohol problem (%)	16.9 %	25.4%	p=0.02	24.4%	15.1 %	21.0 %
Depression (PHQ-8)	9.4	9.3	p=0.89	8.8	8.9	9.2
Mean days with pain in prior 6 months	179.5	179.7	p=.44	179.8	179.2	179.5
Using opioids for more than one pain condition (%)	67.1 %	66.1 %	p=.81	59.3 %	62.0 %	64.9 %
Mean number of days used opioids in the prior two weeks	11.7	13.9	p<.0001	13.5	12.5	13.0
Mean number of times per day used opioids	2.5	3.1	p<.0001	2.5	2.9	2.9
Mean opioid dose prior 3 months (SD)	37.2 (71.2)	97.2 (148.3)	p<.0001	74.8 (133.8)	60.9 (174.4)	71.9 (142.8)
Opioid dose level
< 20 mg/day	46.3 %	18.2 %	p<.0001	31.6 %	38.1 %	30.6 %
20 to < 50 mg/day	36.5 %	32.6 %		35.9 %	35.6 %	35.6 %
50 to <120 mg/day	12.1 %	29.0 %		19.3 %	15.5 %	15.5 %
120+ mg/day	5.2 %	20.3 %		13.1 %	10.9 %	13.8 %
Average pain intensity	5.9	5.8	p=.43	5.9	5.8	5.8
Opioids rated as very/extremely helpful (%)	51.1 %	56.9 %	p=.20	64.8 %	60.7 %	56.9 %
Predominate use of long- acting opioids in the prior 3 months (%)	11.4 %	43.2 %	p<.0001	31.4 %	14.8 %	28.3 %