Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Is Associated With Increased Arterial Stiffness Without Changes in Carotid Intima–Media Thickness in Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

OBJECTIVE

This study was conducted to investigate the association of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) with both arterial stiffness and intima–media thickness (IMT).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 731 subjects with type 2 diabetes. DPN was diagnosed on the basis of neuropathic symptoms, insensitivity to a 10-g monofilament, abnormal pin-prick sensation, and abnormal current perception threshold. Arterial stiffness was assessed by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), and IMT was assessed by B-mode ultrasonography.

RESULTS

Patients with DPN had higher CAVI than those without DPN in multivariate-adjusted models, whereas no differences in IMT were observed between patients with and without DPN after adjustment for age and sex. In the multivariate analysis, CAVI was a significant determinant of DPN (odds ratio 1.36 [95% CI 1.13–1.65], P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

DPN is significantly associated with arterial stiffness without carotid intimal changes in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The leading cause of death in patients with diabetes is cardiovascular disease (CVD) (1); recent studies have reported that microvascular disease is also associated with excess mortality (2). Although the underlying mechanism is unclear, some evidence suggests that the effects of microvascular disease on mortality may be linked to subclinical atherosclerosis, considering atherosclerotic vascular changes in parallel with microvascular complications, including retinopathy (3), nephropathy (4), and autonomic neuropathy (5).

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common microvascular complication with high mortality rates (6), but little is known about the association between DPN and atherosclerotic vascular changes. Thus, we investigated the association between DPN and vascular wall properties in patients with type 2 diabetes by measuring cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and carotid intima–media thickness (IMT).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We retrospectively recruited subjects with type 2 diabetes, aged 20–80 years, who visited Seoul St. Mary's hospital between May 2008 and June 2009. Subjects were excluded if they had peripheral vascular disease; an ankle-brachial pressure index <0.9; or severe illness, such as acute infectious disease, progressive malignancy, or severe renal impairment.

DPN was diagnosed in subjects displaying two or more of the following features: neuropathic symptoms, insensitivity to a 10-g monofilament, abnormal pin-prick sensation, and abnormal current perception threshold (CPT). Neuropathic symptoms were assessed by a total symptom score, CPT using a Neurometer CPT/C (Neurotron, Inc., Baltimore, MD), and autonomic neuropathy by heart rate variability to the Valsalva maneuver, deep breathing, and standing (7).

CAVI was measured using a CAVI-VaSera VS-1000 (Fukuda Denshi, Tokyo, Japan), as described previously (8). Carotid IMT was measured using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography (Logiq S6, General Electric Medical Systems, Wauwatosa, WI) in 681 subjects. The average IMT value on one side was calculated, and the thicker of the sides was used for analysis.

Comparisons were made using the Student t test or χ² test. ANCOVA was used to compare CAVI and IMT. Logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for DPN or abnormal CAVI. A P value < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.

RESULTS

Of the 731 subjects (aged 57.5 ± 11.2 years), 127 (17.4%) were diagnosed with DPN. Subjects with DPN were older, had a longer duration of diabetes, had higher systolic blood and pulse pressure, and were more likely to have albuminuria and retinopathy than subjects without neuropathy. However, subjects with DPN had a lower glomerular filtration rate, HDL cholesterol level, and BMI (Supplementary Table A1). No difference in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA_1c) or fasting glucose levels was observed between subjects with and without DPN.

CAVI was significantly higher in subjects with DPN than in subjects without DPN, after adjusting for age, sex, diabetes duration, BMI, HbA_1c, pulse pressure, glomerular filtration rate, hyperlipidemia, CVD, autonomic neuropathy, and use of insulin or antihypertensive drugs (8.87 vs. 8.45, P = 0.001). In contrast, the difference in IMT between the groups lost significance after adjusting for age and sex. In multivariate logistic regression models, CAVI was a significant predictor of DPN (OR 1.36 [95% CI 1.13–1.65], P = 0.001, Table 1).

Table 1.

ORs and 95% CIs for diabetic peripheral neuropathy

	Unadjusted		Multivariate adjusted*
	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
CAVIa	1.37 (1.20–1.56)	<0.001	1.36 (1.13–1.65)	0.001
Age (years)	1.02 (1.01–1.04)	0.010	0.98 (0.95–1.01)	0.110
Male sex	1.25 (0.86–1.84)	0.247	0.57 (0.35–0.93)	0.024
Duration (years)	1.05 (1.02–1.07)	<0.001	1.04 (1.01–1.07)	0.005
BMI (kg/m2)	0.92 (0.87–0.98)	0.010	0.96 (0.90–1.04)	0.323
HbA1c (%)	1.00 (0.91–1.11)	0.936	0.98 (0.86–1.11)	0.691
Pulse pressure (mmHg)	1.02 (1.00–1.03)	0.021	1.01 (0.99–1.03)	0.388
GFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2)	0.99 (0.98–1.00)	0.012	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.533
Hyperlipidemiab	0.96 (0.59–1.57)	0.884	1.01 (0.57–1.79)	0.964
CVD	1.83 (1.01–3.31)	0.045	2.09 (1.01–4.32)	0.048
Autonomic neuropathy	1.26 (0.80–2.00)	0.324	0.89 (0.51–1.54)	0.575
Current smokers	1.05 (0.43–2.60)	0.912	1.34 (0.48–3.74)	0.679
Insulin therapy	1.32 (0.90–1.94)	0.161	1.05 (0.62–1.77)	0.856
ACE inhibitor/ARB	0.76 (0.51–1.12)	0.163	0.63 (0.38–1.03)	0.067
Calcium channel blocker	0.80 (0.49–1.29)	0.628	0.81 (0.45–1.47)	0.489
β-Blocker	0.85 (0.45–1.63)	0.624	0.86 (0.39–1.88)	0.701

ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.

^aCAVI is a continuous measure.

^bHyperlipidemia was defined as a triglyceride concentration ≥150 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein concentration ≥100 mg/dL, or taking cholesterol-lowering medication.

*Adjusted for all other variables in the first column.

Moreover, subjects with DPN had an OR for abnormal CAVI of 2.54 (95% CI 1.52–4.26, P < 0.001) after adjusting for confounding factors. The association with abnormal CAVI remained significant after further adjusting for microvascular complications and even in subgroups divided by age, BMI, diabetes duration, and hypertension (Supplementary Table A2).

CONCLUSIONS

We showed that DPN was closely associated with CAVI independently of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. DPN remained a significant determinant of abnormal CAVI after further adjusting for other microvascular complications and was significant in subgroups classified by age, BMI, diabetes duration, and hypertension.

Several studies have reported an increased risk for CVD and other microvascular diseases, including retinopathy and microalbuminuria (3–5,9). However, only two reported studies have investigated associations between DPN and CVD risk (9,10). Yokoyama et al. (10) found that diabetic neuropathy was associated with arterial stiffness assessed by brachial-ankle pulse-wave velocity in 294 patients with type 2 diabetes. However, in contrast with our study, they observed a positive relationship between DPN and IMT. This inconsistency may be due to different sample sizes and the diagnostic criteria they used (they included cases of autonomic neuropathy). Another study by Cardoso et al. (9), conducted on 482 patients with type 2 diabetes, also demonstrated a close relationship between DPN and aortic stiffness.

The significant association between DPN and increased CAVI observed in this study suggests that determinants of CVD principally affecting arterial stiffness may be potential risk factors for DPN. Accordingly, prospective cohort studies have demonstrated that CVD risk factors predict the development of DPN in patients with type 1 diabetes (11,12). Although the underlying mechanism linking DPN to arterial stiffness is not well understood, one possible explanation is that large artery stiffness may cause microvascular damage via high pulse pressure, leading to diminished blood flow to nerve tissues vulnerable to hypoxic damage, and thereby to the development of neuropathy (13).

It is beyond the scope of this study to establish whether increased arterial stiffness is a causal risk factor for DPN or a concomitant finding developed by shared pathogenic mechanisms. Nevertheless, our results have clinical implications. Patients with DPN are at high risk of CVD because of their increased arterial stiffness (14) whether it has causal association or not. Therefore, careful assessment of the combined risks and intensive intervention may reduce the risk of CVD.

A major limitation of our study is its cross-sectional design; thus, we could not determine temporal or causal relationships between DPN and arterial stiffness. Another limitation is that the study subjects may not represent the general population.

In conclusion, DPN is significantly associated with arterial stiffness without changes in IMT in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further prospective studies could elucidate whether intensive management of CVD risk factors other than glycemic control can also prevent or delay the development of neuropathy.