Abstract
Treatment of a symptomatic stenosis is known to be most beneficial within 14 days after the presenting event but this can frequently not be achieved in daily practice. The aim of this study was the assessment of factors responsible for this time delay to treatment. A retrospective analysis of a prospective two-center CAS database was carried out to investigate the potential factors that influence a delayed CAS treatment. Of 374 patients with a symptomatic carotid stenosis, 59.1% were treated beyond ≥14 days. A retinal TIA event (OR = 3.59, 95% CI 1.47–8.74, p < 0.01) was found to be a predictor for a delayed treatment, whereas the year of the intervention (OR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.20–0.50, p < 0.01) and a contralateral carotid occlusion (OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.21–0.86, p = 0.02) were predictive of an early treatment. Similarly, within the subgroup of patients with transient symptoms, the year of the intervention (OR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.14–0.59, p < 0.01) was associated with an early treatment, whereas a retinal TIA as the qualifying event (OR = 6.96, 95% CI 2.37–20.47, p < 0.01) was associated with a delayed treatment. Treatment delay was most pronounced in patients with an amaurosis fugax, whereas a contralateral carotid occlusion led to an early intervention. Although CAS is increasingly performed faster in the last years, there is still scope for an even more accelerated treatment strategy, which might prevent future recurrent strokes prior to treatment.
Keywords: Symptomatic carotid stenosis, Stent, Stroke, Risk factors, Transient ischemic attack, ABCD2 score, Carotid artery stenting
Introduction
In the past few years, several population-based studies have clearly demonstrated that patients with a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke have a high risk for a subsequent stroke [6]. Based on a six or seven-point score, using age, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, clinical features, and duration of symptoms, the risk of further ischemic symptoms appears to be highly predictable, ranging from 3.1 to 17.8% at 90 days (ABCD and ABCD2 score) [11, 17]. In addition, evidence has accumulated that TIA or mild-stroke patients with a large-artery atherosclerosis have a particularly high risk of early recurrent stroke, which reaches up to 28% within 14 days [14, 15]. Moreover, an early carotid endarterectomy (CEA) has been shown to be associated with a beneficial outcome in contrast to an intervention beyond 12 weeks after the qualifying ischemic event, which was found to have only a minimal effect for secondary stroke prevention [16]. Current updated guidelines therefore recommend that a CEA should ideally be performed within 2 weeks of a presenting event [3, 18]. Despite these recommendations, CEA is often delayed for weeks to months [5] due to logistic reasons or a resource shortage, indicating that it might be difficult to translate this ambitious goal into everyday practice on the short term. In a recently published interim-analysis of the GALA Trial, a multicenter randomized trial of general versus local anesthesia during CEA, the median delay between symptoms and surgery was 82 days [4]. Similar time delays between presenting event and CEA have been reported in other population-based surveys across different countries [7, 8, 10].
Lately, carotid artery stenting (CAS) has increasingly been used as a treatment alternative to CEA, and it is unlikely that the majority of patients are currently treated with CAS within 2 weeks of their symptomatic event. In fact, within the recently published Pro-CAS register and the ICSS study, only about 25% of the patients had been treated within the recommended time frame of 14 days [9, 19]. In order to increase the benefit of secondary stroke prevention by reducing the time delay between symptoms and carotid revascularization procedures, it is thus crucial to identify the procedural or clinical features that are associated with a delayed intervention. With the knowledge of these factors, further awareness campaigns of the general population can be initiated and a fast-track medical management program can be pursued in patients having a high risk of subsequent stroke.
We used our prospective CAS database to determine which clinical factors were associated with a delayed treatment (i.e., ≥14 days) and which part of the investigation logistics was responsible for this treatment delay.
Methods
Study population
From January 2001 to December 2009, a total of 374 patients with symptoms due to a high-grade carotid stenosis were treated with CAS at two university hospitals following a prospective protocol (University of Tübingen n = 220, University of Göttingen n = 154). Patients were recruited from the in-hospital emergency department where patients presented by themselves or were admitted by the local practitioner or neurologist, the local ambulance, or by admission from regional hospitals. The symptoms of the qualifying event were either classified as an ischemic stroke, an ipsilateral transient ocular, or as a contralateral transient hemispheric cerebral event with respect to the side of the carotid stenosis. In patients with transient symptoms, the qualifying event had resolved completely within 24 h. The symptomatic event had occurred during the last 180 days prior to treatment and patients had to be in clinically stable conditions. All patients had a high-grade carotid stenosis ≥70% as assessed with sonography according to the European guidelines to estimate the degree of stenosis [2] and the grade of stenosis was confirmed angiographically during the stenting procedure.
All patients were informed about the different treatment modalities (CEA, CAS, and best medical treatment) and their specific risks. With respect to the CAS procedure, all patients were informed about the investigational nature of CAS and gave their written informed consent. This study was approved by the local Ethics Review Board.
Data collection
The following cerebrovascular risk factors were recorded using history or direct measurements: hypertension (blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg measured on repeated occasions or presence of antihypertensive drugs), diabetes mellitus (HbA1c >6.5%, fasting blood glucose >120 mg/dl, or presence of antidiabetic drugs), hyperlipidemia (fasting serum cholesterol levels >220 mg/dl or statin therapy), smoking (current or within the previous year), coronary artery disease (history of angina, myocardial infarction, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or surgery) and the presence of contralateral carotid disease (as assessed with ultrasound).
The following time intervals were recorded: (1) days between symptom onset and the carotid ultrasound procedure; (2) between symptom onset and hospital admission; (3) the length of the hospital stay; and (4) days between hospital admission and CAS procedure. Time delay to CAS was defined as the period between the first clinical symptoms attributable to the corresponding carotid stenosis and the CAS procedure. A subsequent neurological symptom was scored as an additional recurrent symptom and time intervals were referenced to the day of the first clinical symptom. The duration and the clinical symptoms of the transient symptomatic event and the NIH-SS before the intervention were registered. If a pathological carotid ultrasound finding from an outside hospital or practitioner was verified during hospitalization with locally adopted criteria, the date of the first external ultrasound was recorded for further assessments. All patients were treated by a neurologist with experience in neurovascular diseases. The ABCD score was derived for patients with transient symptoms as follows: age > 60 years = 1, elevated blood pressure (>140 mmHg systolic and/or >90 mmHg diastolic) = 1, clinical features of presenting event (unilateral weakness = 2, speech disturbance without weakness = 1, other = 0), and duration of clinical symptoms in minutes (≥60 = 2, 10–59 = 1, <10 = 0) [17]. One additional point was added for the presence of diabetes mellitus to calculate the ABCD2 score [11]. The periprocedural 30d complications following CAS were recorded and categorized as minor- (a new neurological deficit that either resolved completely within 7 days or increased the NIH Stroke Scale score by ≤3) major stroke (a new neurological deficit that persisted after 7 days and increased the NIH Stroke Scale score by ≥4) or death (death of any cause).
Statistical analysis
Continuous values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and nominal variables as count and percentages, not normally distributed ordinal values as median values with the corresponding interquartile range (IQR), respectively. For comparisons of categorical data, two-tailed Chi-square statistics with Yates correction and univariate Fisher's exact test were used. The Fisher's exact test was used when the predicted contingency table cell values were less than five. Ordinal data were compared using a Mann–Whitney U test.
Imbalanced variables with respect to time delay to CAS were identified on the basis of the univariate level if the p value reached a value below 0.1. A multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the independence of the imbalanced variables. Interaction was assessed by using additive and multiplicative interaction terms. Results are presented as odds ratio with 95% confidence interval.
A bivariate correlation analysis (Kendall's tau-b) was applied to investigate the interrelation of treatment delay and the year of intervention.
A two-sided p value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (Version 17, SPSS inc., Chicago, IL).
Results
The study population comprised a total of 374 patients (mean age 69.1 ± 9.2 years, 269 men, 105 women) with a symptomatic carotid stenosis. For the entire study population, the median time delay between clinical symptoms and CAS was 20 days (IQR 10–37). A total of 153 patients (40.9%) were treated within 14 days (8, IQR 6–11), whereas 221 (59.1%) patients received their intervention beyond 2 weeks (median: 34, IQR 22–57). A total of 189 (50.0%) patients presented with an ischemic stroke and 185 (49.5%) with transient symptoms; 143 (38.2%) of these patients had transient hemispherical symptoms and 49 (13.1%) patients had transient ocular symptoms, respectively.
The baseline characteristics of the patients treated beyond and within 14 days and the results of the univariate analyses are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1.
Patient characteristics (n = 374)
| Time delay to intervention | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| <14 days | ≥14 days | p value | |
| n | 153 (40.9%) | 221 (59.1%) | |
| Mean age (years) | 68.8 (±9.6) | 69.3 (±8.9) | 0.59 |
| Age ≥ 80 years | 24 (15.7%) | 29 (13.1%) | 0.48 |
| Male | 115 (75.2%) | 154 (70.0%) | 0.27 |
| Sympt. event—CAS (days) | 8.0 (±3.2) | 45.8 (±34.9) | <0.01 |
| Sympt. event—carotid ultrasound (days) | 2.5 (±2.8) | 29.4 (±46.8) | <0.01 |
| Sympt. event—hospital admission (days) | 2.2 (±3.2) | 37.7 (±37.4) | <0.01 |
| Hospital admission—CAS (days) | 5.8 (±3.3) | 7.7 (±8.6) | 0.01 |
| Hospitalization (days) | 11.7 (±6.0) | 11.7 (±8.1) | 0.94 |
| Cerebrovascular risk factors | |||
| Hypertension | 130 (85.0%) | 185 (83.7%) | 0.74 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 95 (62.1%) | 135 (61.1%) | 0.84 |
| Tobacco use | 50 (32.7%) | 68 (30.8%) | 0.65 |
| Coronary artery disease | 53 (34.6%) | 62 (28.1%) | 0.33 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 45 (29.4%) | 69 (31.2%) | 0.71 |
| Lesion characteristics | |||
| Degree of stenosis (%) | 82.0 (±9.4) | 82.2 (±9.0) | 0.76 |
| Contralateral ICA occlusion | 25 (16.3%) | 16 (7.2%) | <0.01a, b |
| Contralateral ICA stenosis >70% | 16 (10.5%) | 23 (10.4%) | 0.76 |
| Clinical presentation and complications | |||
| Ischemic stroke | 80 (52.3%) | 109 (49.3%) | 0.59 |
| Hemispherical TIA | 66 (43.1%) | 70 (31.7%) | 0.02a |
| Retinal TIA | 7 (4.6%) | 42 (19.0%) | <0.01a, b |
| NIHSS before CAS | 3.4 (±2.6) | 2.9 (±2.4) | 0.02a |
| Recurrent symptoms before CAS | 18 (11.7%) | 13 (5.9%) | 0.04a |
| Intervention ≥ year 2005 | 94 (61.4%) | 74 (33.5%) | <0.01a, b |
| Periprocedural complications (mmd) | 12 (7.8%) | 18 (8.1%) | 1.00 |
| Subgroup of patients with transient symptoms (n = 185) | |||
| n | 73 (39.5%) | 112 (60.5%) | |
| Hemispherical TIA | 66 (90.4%) | 70 (62.5%) | <0.01a |
| Retinal TIA | 7 (9.5%) | 42 (37.5%) | <0.01a |
| ABCD score | 4 (IQR 3–4.5) | 3 (IQR 2–4) | <0.01a |
| ABCD2 score | 4 (IQR 3–5) | 3 (IQR 2–4) | <0.01a |
| Duration of symptoms ≥60 min | 30 (41.1%) | 19 (17.0) | <0.01a |
| 10–60 min | 19 (26.0%) | 21 (18.8%) | 0.24 |
| <10 min | 24 (32.9%) | 72 (64.3%) | <0.01a |
| Intervention ≥ year 2005 | 39 (53.4%) | 27 (24.1%) | <0.01a, b |
aFactors included in multiple regression analysis
bFactors remained significant after multiple regression analysis
mmd minor-, major stroke and death
Patients treated beyond 14 days from symptom onset to CAS received their carotid ultrasound later (29.4 vs. 2.5 days, p < 0.01) and were admitted to the hospital with a significantly longer time delay than patients treated with 14 days (37.7 vs. 2.2 days, p < 0.01). The time from hospital admission to CAS was also significantly longer in patients treated beyond 14 days (7.7 vs. 5.8 days, p < 0.05).
Patients treated beyond 14 days had a lower NIHSS (2.9 vs. 3.4, p < 0.05) and more often had a transient ocular event (19 vs. 4.6%, p < 0.01) than patients treated within 14 days, whereas a contralateral occlusion was found more often (16.3 vs. 7.2%, p < 0.01) among the early treated patients. The latter patients also had more recurrent neurological symptoms (11.7 vs. 5.9%, p = 0.04) before the CAS procedure.
Clinical complication rates after CAS (minor stroke, major stroke, and death within 30 days; 7.8 vs. 8.1%, p = 1.0), as well as hospitalization days (11.7 vs. 11.7, p = 0.94) did not differ between these groups (see Table 1).
In order to calculate the ABCD and ABCD2 scores in a subgroup of patients with transient symptoms, the duration of the clinical symptoms was divided into three groups (<10, 10–59 and ≥60 min). Within the subgroup of patients with transient symptoms, subjects treated beyond 14 days more frequently had an ocular event than a hemispherical TIA (62.5 vs. 90.4%, p < 0.01), a lower ABCD and ABCD2 score [3 (IQR 2–4) vs. 4 (IQR 3–4.5), p < 0.01; 3 (IQR 2–4) vs. 4 (IQR 3–5), p < 0.01] and a shorter duration of their initial clinical symptoms (<10 min 64.3 vs. 32.9%, p < 0.01), whereas subjects with long transient clinical symptoms (≥60 min) were more often treated within 14 days (41.1 vs. 17.0%, p < 0.01). The proportion of patients in the subgroup treated beyond 14 days was lower after the year 2004 (24.1 vs. 53.4%, p < 0.01).
After applying multiple logistic regression analysis and adjusting for variables that were imbalanced between both groups (contralateral ICA occlusion, hemispherical or ocular TIA, NIH-SS before CAS, recurrent symptomatic event and intervention after the year 2004), a retinal TIA event (OR = 3.59, 95% CI 1.47–8.74, p < 0.01) remained the only significant variable that was useful for predicting a delayed treatment beyond 14 days, whereas the year of the intervention (OR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.20–0.50, p < 0.01) and a contralateral carotid occlusion (OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.21–0.86, p = 0.02) were predictive of an early treatment. Similarly, the year of the intervention (OR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.14–0.59, p < 0.01) was associated with early treatment, whereas a retinal TIA as the qualifying event (OR = 6.96, 95% CI 2.37–20.47, p value of p < 0.01) was associated with a delayed treatment within the subgroup of patients with transient symptoms after adjustment for imbalanced variables (retinal TIA, ABCD and ABCD2 score, duration of symptoms ≥60 and <10 min, year of intervention >2004). Bivariate correlation analysis revealed a significant negative association between the treatment delay and the year of the CAS intervention (correlation coefficient = −0.22, p < 0.001, Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Proportion of patients treated <14 days (grey) and 14 or more days (black) according to the year of the CAS intervention. Within the years there was a significant trend to treat the majority of patients in a more timely fashion (correlation coefficient = −0.22, p < 0.001)
Discussion
In this paper we assessed the time delay between a symptomatic qualifying event due to a high-grade carotid artery stenosis and subsequent CAS treatment in order to identify factors contributing to a deferred stenting procedure which might reduce the benefit of this secondary stroke prevention. Within this prospective study of two university centers, treatment was delayed ≥14 days in the majority (59%) of patients. Independent clinical factors, which were associated with a delayed treatment, were a retinal TIA as a qualifying event and a treatment before the year 2005, whereas the presence of a contralateral carotid occlusion was significantly associated with an early treatment. Similar results were found for the subgroup of patients who had presented with transient symptoms. Finally, the presence of a high ABCD- or of a high ABCD2 score did not influence the time delay to treatment.
Large artery atherosclerosis is the most meaningful cause for early stroke recurrence after a TIA or minor stroke [13]. This finding is thought to be caused by an ongoing embolic process of the carotid artery originating from a ruptured vulnerable plaque. Early carotid surgery is not associated with a higher rate of periprocedural complications [16] than delayed surgery in clinical stable patients. Similarly, and in good agreement with our current results, large registries indicate that the timing of CAS does not influence the outcome [19]. Moreover, the benefit of a delayed CEA treatment vanishes over time and may even be absent for certain patient subgroups if carried out beyond 3 months [16]. Therefore, current guidelines recommend an early carotid revascularization (ideally within 14 days) in patients with a recently symptomatic carotid stenosis [3, 18]. However, despite these recommendations, numerous patients are currently still being treated with either CEA or CAS beyond the recommended 14-day time interval [4, 5, 7, 8, 10], indicating a possible shortage of resources or difficulties to implement these guidelines into daily routine. In this study, many patients were also treated beyond the proposed 14-day time frame with CAS. This finding is in line with recently published data of the Pro-CAS registry [19]. In fact, only 26% (609 of 2,344) of patients with a symptomatic carotid artery stenosis were treated within 14 days within this prospective multicenter registry. Likewise, within the lately published ICSS study in which the efficacy of CAS or CEA for treating a symptomatic carotid stenosis was randomly investigated, only 25% of patients in the CAS and 18% in the CEA group were treated within 14 days [9].
To obtain a faster treatment in the future, our data corroborate the need for an accelerated admittance strategy. As delineated in Table 1, most of the treatment delay was due to either the delayed referral to an ultrasound examination of the carotid arteries or to the hospital admittance itself. In contrast, the times from hospital admittance to CAS, as well as the total hospitalization times did not have a major impact on a delayed treatment. The in-hospital patient management only marginally contributes to the delayed treatment, which might for instance be attributable to a risk of reperfusion hemorrhages in patients with a high-grade carotid stenosis. Although we are unable to differentiate between patient-related and non-patient-related factors contributing to the pre-hospitalization times, it is likely that a combination of these factors leads to a delayed referral and thus treatment in many patients. On the one hand, patients themselves, especially those with a TIA, may delay seeking medical attention. At least indirectly, this assumption is supported by our observation that patients with more severe transient or permanent neurological deficits were treated in a more timely fashion than those for instance with an isolated amaurosis fugax.
On the other hand, patients often primarily present to their local practitioners, who might delay referral to the hospital or to physicians with expertise in carotid ultrasound. As outlined in Fig. 1, there was an ongoing rise of the proportion of patients being treated early, reaching nearly 80% in the year 2009. Therefore, it seems to be possible to treat the vast majority of patients in a timely fashion and that this has been increasingly implemented during the last years.
A contralateral ICA occlusion was significantly associated with a treatment within 14 days. This may be related to earlier results of the NASCET-data in which these patients carried a very high risk for further strokes [1]. At least within our patient cohort this fact seems to have already been integrated into daily practice.
The usefulness of the ABCD and ABCD2 score in patients with transient symptoms could recently be shown to predict the individual patient risk for subsequent strokes [11, 17, 20]. Although a higher score was found more frequently in the group of patients treated within 2 weeks, >40% of patients with an ABCD or ABCD2 score ≥4 were treated beyond this crucial time frame. Taking into account the proposed high risk for stroke recurrence in patients with transient symptoms due to a carotid stenosis and high ABCD/ABCD2 scores [12], these results clearly support the notion that further awareness campaigns for the general population, as well as for general practitioners need to be initiated.
We acknowledge that our study has several limitations. Despite the fact that these data were acquired in a prospective manner, parts of the analysis were done in a retrospective fashion. Although primary outcome parameters were not imbalanced between the centers, it is not possible to definitely rule out a potential selection bias of slightly different CAS protocols, patient selection, admittance practices, and patient management during the pre-hospitalization phase.
In conclusion, in this study we could show that many patients with a symptomatic carotid stenosis are currently still being treated with CAS beyond the recommended time frame of 2 weeks after their presenting ischemic event. In addition to a delayed admittance to the hospital, treatment delay was most pronounced in patients with an amaurosis fugax, whereas a contralateral carotid occlusion led to an early intervention. Although CAS was performed more quickly in the last years, there is still scope for an even more accelerated treatment strategy, which might prevent recurrent strokes prior to treatment.
Conflict of interest
A.K. has received speaker honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim. K.G., S.S., K.W., S.M.P.P., U.E. and M.K. have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Footnotes
K. Gröschel and S. Schnaudigel contributed equally to this manuscript.
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