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| Author | Study | Trocar type | Difference in Defect Surface Area | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tarnay10 | Randomized, observer blinded swine abdominal wall | Cutting Conical Pyramidal | Conical fascial defect 57–68% smaller than cutting | Conical split muscles, which later re-opposed with fascia |
| Conical fascial defect 32–62% smaller than pyramidal | ||||
| Bhoyrul11 | 12 swine abdominal, not blinded | Cutting Blunt radially dilating | Radially dilating 52% narrower muscle defect than cutting | Muscles split rather than cut |
