Biocompatibility assessment of pastes containing Copaiba oilresin, propolis, and calcium hydroxide in the subcutaneous tissue of rats

Abstract

Aim:

To assess the biocompatibility of two endodontic pastes based on calcium hydroxide and propolis, using two vehicles — non-fractionated Copaiba-oilresin (A) and volatile fraction of Copaiba-oilresin (B), in the connective tissue of rats.

Materials and Methods:

Fifteen rats had four polyethylene tubes implanted in their backs; each pair of tubes contained one of the pastes. The tube side was considered the control. After 7, 21, and 42 days, the animals were euthanized.

Results:

The inflammatory reaction was moderate at seven days for A and severe for B. At 21 days, it was slight for A and moderate for B; and at 42 days, it was slight for A and B. Tissue reaction ranged from slight (7 / 21 days) to no inflammation (42 days) for the control group. Statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.01) demonstrated no significant difference between the pastes and control group (P > 0.01).

Conclusion:

Both pastes presented satisfactory tissue reaction in the connective tissue of rats.

INTRODUCTION

Endodontic infections are caused by opportunistic microorganisms that may invade a root canal containing necrotic tissue and establish an infectious process.[1,2] Although instrumentation and the use of irrigating solutions with antimicrobial activity remove a majority of the microorganisms in the root canal, it has been shown that a small part of the flora survives. Under clinical conditions, a biomechanical preparation does not completely eliminate the microorganisms present in the root canal system; therefore, the action of an intracanal medication with effective antimicrobial activity is necessary.[3] One of the materials that has been widely used for this purpose is calcium hydroxide, due to its properties.

Oily vehicles could be an option when calcium hydroxide is used as an intracanal medication. These oily substances have low solubility in water and do not allow immediate hydroxyl ion release from calcium hydroxide, promoting a longer action of the medication.[3–5]

The constantly increasing number of antibiotic-resistant strains and side effects caused by synthetic drugs has prompted researchers to look for herbal alternatives. The worldwide growth of phytotherapy in preventive and curative programs has stimulated the evaluation of the activity of different plant extracts. However, the correct use of plants for therapeutic purposes requires plants to be selected for their effectiveness and safety, and scientifically validated as being for medicinal use. Brazil is outstanding as regards having the largest vegetal biodiversity on the planet, which represents a promising source of new compounds, with therapeutic activity.[6]

Copaiba oils are produced by exudation from the trunks of trees belonging to the Copaifera genus. The exuded material is a transparent, yellow-to-light-brown liquid and the medicinal effects attributed to copaiba oils include anti-tetanus, anti-tumor, anti-blenorrhagea, and urinary antiseptic activities.[7,8] Pharmacological studies have also demonstrated its properties as an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent.[7–12] It is the most widely used natural product in the country, with great economical and social representation, especially in the Amazon region.[7,8] This oilresin is composed of two fractions, one being volatile (sesquiterpenes) and the other fixed (diterpenes).[12]

In dentistry, the association between this oilresin[7,10–12] and propolis,[13–19] both with recognized antimicrobial activity, has great potential, as it has been enshrined among the intracanal medications, used with the objective of combating the microorganisms present in the ramifications of the root canal system.[20]

In view of all the features described, the association of calcium hydroxide, propolis, and the Copaiba-oilresin could be a feasible alternative for intracanal medication.

Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the biocompatibility of the two calcium hydroxide / propolis-based pastes, using various vehicles, namely non-fractionated Copaiba-oilresin (Paste A) and the volatile fraction of Copaiba-oilresin (Paste B), by means of the morphological and morphometric analyses of the reaction caused in the connective tissue of rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted with the approval of the Ethics Committee on Research with Animals of the Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, in compliance with the ethical concepts for use of laboratory animals at all stages of the experiment. Polyethylene tubes (GoldLab, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil) were obtained according to the methodology used by Campos-Pinto et al.,[21] in which a urethral catheter with an internal diameter of 0.8 mm was sectioned sequentially at intervals of 10 mm. After sectioning, each tube had one of the extremities sealed with Cyanoacrylate ester gel (Super Bonder, Aachen, Germany ) to avoid extravasation of the material to be tested.[22]

The components of the pastes [Table 1] were manipulated and the polyethylene tubes were immediately filled with them, using a lentulo spiral (Dentsply-Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland).

Table 1.

Tested pastes

Fifteen young adult male rats (Rattus novergicus, Albinus, Holtzman), weighing between 200 and 250 g were used. The animals were kept in a temperature-controlled room (12 hours light / 12 hours dark; at a temperature of 21 – 25°C), in plastic boxes (40 × 32 × 17 cm), receiving balanced rations (Nuvilab, Colombo, PR, Brazil) and water ad libitum. For the subcutaneous implant procedure, the animals were anesthetized with 10% Ketamine Chloride solution (75 mg/kg) along with Xylazine (10 mg/kg) (Dopaser, Calier S/A, Barcelona, Spain), administred intraperitoneally.

The different fractions of copaiba oil were extracted from the species Copaifera reticulate. The propolis extract was obtained by maceration of 30 g of the propolis resin in 100 ml of 96% ethanol, under constant agitation for 24 hours, followed by filtration. Supernatant solution of 3.0 ml was evaporated and the residue was used for preparing the paste

Each animal received four tubes containing the tested materials, two being in the scapular region and two in the pelvic region. Each pair of tubes represented a distinct group. The lateral side of the tube was considered the control group. After 7, 21, and 42 days, the rats were euthanized by an anesthetic overdose and the tubes removed for histological analysis. Thus, there were five rats for each studied period, totaling to 10 samples for each experimental group in each one of the periods (n = 10). The samples were processed for conventional histopathological examination. The connective tissue adjacent to the open-end of each tube was sectioned at a microtome setting of 5 μm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histopathological analysis was performed under a light microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkachen, Germany) at 100 / 200X magnification, based on the tissue responses stimulated by the tested materials and the control group. The events assessed were: inflammatory infiltrate (polymorph nuclear and mononuclear cells), cellularity and vascularization (fibroblasts and blood vessels), and macrophagic activity (macrophage and inflammatory giant cells). To quantify the events, the software Image Toll was used (UTHSCSA, San Antonio, TX, USA). According to these features, a grading from I to IV,[23] was used to grade the inflammatory reaction: Grade I — chronic inflammatory cells (no inflammation); Grade II — infiltration of inflammatory cells and collagen fiber deposits and fibrosis (slight); Grade III — dense infiltration of inflammatory cells, tissue edema, and vascular congestion (moderate); Grade IV — dense infiltration of acute and chronic inflammatory cells, edematous areas, and vascular congestion with fibrin deposits (severe). The amplitude of the fibrous capsule (mm²) was measured using the software AxioVision (Carl Zeiss). Once the various components of the events were quantified and the fibrous capsule amplitude measured, the values obtained were submitted to a non-parametric statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.01).

RESULTS

Qualitative and quantitative analysis

In general, the tissue elements identified were similar in all fragments: connective tissue of variable density, with a slight lymphoplasmocytic inflammatory infiltrate and capsular arrangement at the interface with the material or side of the tube [Figure 1], without a statistically significant difference between the pastes, when compared in the same period of analysis (P > 0.01). When the different periods of analysis were compared, there was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.01) [Tables 2 and 3].

Figure 1.

Histological images. (a) Moderate inflammatory reaction caused by Paste A, at seven days, in an area representative of the capsule, at the tubular opening (Grade III). (b) Severe inflammatory reaction caused by Paste B, at seven days (Grade IV). (c) Slight inflammatory reaction caused by paste A at 21 days, (Grade II). (d) Moderate inflammatory reaction caused by paste B, at 21 days, (Grade III). (e) Slight inflammatory reaction caused by the paste at 42 days (Grade II). (f) Slight inflammatory reaction caused by Paste B at 42 days (Grade II). (Hematoxylin-Eosin, 100 and ×200).

Table 2.

Qualitative analysis of the pathological events observed in each group during the studied periods

Table 3.

Means and standard deviation (SD) of quantitative analysis of histopathological events observed in each group during the studied period and thickness of the fibrous capsule (mm²) (Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.01)

Period of seven days

In the initial period of seven days, there was a connective tissue with delicate fibers, high cell content, and recently formed blood vessels, adjacent to all examined surfaces. On the side facing the materials, the fibrous capsule showed a mean size of 1.332 mm² for Paste A and 1.478 mm² for Paste B, with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.01). Whereas, on the side facing the polyethylene tube (control), the deposition of a delicate sheaf of connective fibers was noted, arranged in parallel mode in a capsular arrangement, but without the formation of a capsule. The inflammation grade stimulated by the pastes was moderate (III) for Paste A and severe (IV) for Paste B in this period.

Period of 21 to 42 days

The period of 21 days showed the organization of a fibrous capsule of variable thickness around the polyethylene tube area. The fibrous capsule that formed in the region, in contact with Paste A (0.798 mm²), was significantly smaller than the fibrous capsule that formed in the region in contact with Paste B (1.037 mm²). This trend continued in the period of 42 days: Paste A (0.623 mm²) and Paste B (0.987 mm²), but without any statistically significant difference (P > 0.01). With regard to the inflammatory response, there was a maximum of Grade II (slight) response to Paste A and III to Paste B (moderate) after the period of 21 days, and Grade II response to both pastes after 42 days, which was acceptable in terms of biocompatibility.

DISCUSSION

There are more than 20 species of the Copaifera genus in Brazil, which provide oils that differ significantly in chemical composition.[11] The main constituents of these oils are sesquiterpenes and diterpenes.[12] Although different activities have been reported and a variety of substances have been identified, little is known about the relationship between the structures and activity of the components, and their biocompatibility.

Copaiba oils have shown in vitro bactericidal activity against a wide spectrum of Gram-positive organisms. Despite many recent advances in antimicrobial therapy, resistance among Gram-positive pathogens continues to be a serious and growing clinical problem. Increasing resistance has created a need for new antimicrobial agents. According to Santos et al,[9] Copaiba oils have shown high activity against Gram-positive bacteria. B. subtilis was the most sensitive organism, and Copaiba oils were active against a wild strain of S. aureus. Moreover, the morphological and ultrastructural alterations of the bacterium treated with Copaiba oils for three hours have been demonstrated, as well as rapid bactericidal activity within three hours.[9]

Propolis is a resinous material that honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) collect from various plant species. Scientific research has revealed its antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties.[13–19] There have been an increasing number of studies on propolis applications, because of its therapeutic properties; and research involving propolis in Dentistry spans many fields, and highlights its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities.[13–19]

The association between calcium hydroxide and propolis, using Copaiba oils as a vehicle must be considered, in order to add all the beneficial biological properties of these products.[6,16,24,25]

However, when a new material is introduced into the market its properties should be investigated. From a biological standpoint, their biocompatibility must be evaluated, because the eventual toxic components present may cause tissue irritation, degeneration or necrosis of the tissues adjacent to the materials.[22,23]

To assess the biocompatibility through preliminary in vivo studies, a method commonly used is the subcutaneous implantation of the material in animals of small size. Among these animals, the rat (Rattus novergicus, Albinus, Holtzman) is the most used because it has dimensions suited to provide easier and safer handling, and faster metabolism when compared with other animals, which allows relevant results to be obtained in a short period of time.[21]

Implantation of standard polyethylene tubes containing the tested materials, which only come into contact with the subcutaneous connective tissue, through the tubular opening, allows a comparative analysis among the experimental groups in a standardized manner, without interferences, determined by variables of volume and overlap areas. Thus, a comparative analysis of the experimental groups could be safely made, as well as comparisons among the different groups.[21]

The results of this study showed a reaction of chronic development, in general, showing a fibrous capsule with decreasing amplitude, highly cellularized and vascularized at the initial time, with predominance of mononuclear cells, as described by Campos-Pinto et al.[21] The presence of polymorphonuclear cells, even in a small number, conditioned an active reaction process, which had lower expression in Paste A, but was without a statistically significant difference in comparison with Paste B and the control group (P > 0.01). The inflammatory reaction was effective in the initial period, as a natural condition of response to irritation, in short periods of time; persistent and decreasing in the medium and final periods.[21,23]

In the course of time, these histopathological events decreased, reaching the final period of observation (42 days), showing the formation of a fibrous / dense tissue surrounding the polyethylene tube that had been implanted. In the area adjacent to the tube, collagen fibers with fibroblasts were observed, with minimal presence of inflammatory cells.[21] The absence of necrosis and degeneration of the collagen were also observed. The tissue repair that occurred at the tubular opening was very similar to that on the surface, at the side of the tube, as described by Shahi et al.[23]

Despite the positive results found in this study, it should be noted that other tests should be conducted before applying this material in humans.

Although the subcutaneous tissue of rats does not faithfully reproduce the conditions of the pulp and periapical tissues, the test is a simple method to identify tissue reactions, and the results show that both tested pastes are biocompatible to the subcutaneous tissue of rats.