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. 1966 Feb;91(2):562–569. doi: 10.1128/jb.91.2.562-569.1966

Dipicolinic Acid Synthesis in Penicillium citreo-viride1

Phillip H Hodson a,2, J W Foster a
PMCID: PMC314895  PMID: 5883092

Abstract

Hodson, Phillip H. (University of Texas, Austin), and J. W. Foster. Dipicolinic acid synthesis in Penicillium citreo-viride. J. Bacteriol. 91:562–569. 1966.—Dipicolinic acid (DPA) accumulation in culture filtrates of the mold Penicillium citreo-viride was studied in surface and submerged cultures. Good DPA yields were obtained in suspensions of washed, submerged mycelium in the presence of a carbon and a nitrogen source but in the absence of other minerals essential for growth. Fumaric acid was the only other acid formed in significant amounts. Glucose and glycerol were superior to various salts of organic acids as carbon sources, and certain amino acids were excellent nitrogen sources. l-Leucine, l-norvaline, l-tyrosine, and l-histidine were superior to urea, NH4Cl, or NaNO3 as nitrogen precursors for DPA production. d-Norvaline was useless for DPA production. Glycerol-2-C14 and -1-C14, C14O2, and l-leucine-C14, l-tyrosine-C14, and l-histidine-C14 were tested as precursors in conjunction with suitable carbon and nitrogen sources. The DPA was decarboxylated chemically, and the distribution of C14 was determined in the pyridine-C and in the carboxyl-C. The data are consistent with Martin and Foster's suggestion for bacteria that the DPA molecule is formed by a condensation of C3 plus C4 precursors, the resulting 2-keto, 6-aminopimelic acid derivate undergoing ring closure to form a heterocyclic precursor of DPA. The C14O2 experiments indicate that oxaloacetate is formed by β-carboxylation of pyruvate, this in turn probably becoming aspartic acid β-semialdehyde, the C4 compound which condenses with a second pyruvate. The enhancement of DPA formation by l-norvaline, l-leucine, and l-histidine is not ascribable to their functioning either as a source of nitrogen or carbon. l-Tyrosine, in a glycerol medium, contributed nearly 40% of the DPA carbon. The mechanism of biosynthesis of C7 straight-chain and cyclic compounds is discussed.

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Selected References

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