Abstract
In order to enhance the sensitivity of diagnosis, a recombinant clone containing domain I of HCV core (amino acid residues 1 to 123) was subjected to random mutagenesis. Five mutants with higher sensitivity were obtained by colony screening of 616 mutants using reverse ELISA. Sequence analysis of these mutants revealed alterations focusing on W84, P95, P110, or V129. The inclusion bodies of these recombinant proteins overexpressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) were subsequently dissolved using 6 M urea and then refolded by stepwise dialysis. Compared to the unfolded wild-type antigen, the refolded M3b antigen (W84S, P110S and V129L) exhibited an increase of 66% antigenicity with binding capacity of 0.96 and affinity of 113 μM−1. Moreover, the 33% decrease of the production demand suggests that M3b is a potential substitute for anti-HCV antibody detection.
1. Introduction
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected 3% world population [1] and its asymptomatic presentation years after infection had been labeled as “silent epidemic” [2]. Approximately 75% to 85% of the infected individuals develop chronic disease which may progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [1, 3]. HCV is also a major etiology agent for blood transfusion-associated with non-A, non-B hepatitis [1, 4]. The reduction of the posttransfusion HCV incidence largely depends on proper screening of the blood donors. The most common screening methods are based on ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) or NAT (nucleic acid amplification technology) to detect anti HCV antibodies or HCV RNA in serum. NAT could identify low level viremia in very early HCV infection even when the antibodies are not yet present. However, its time-consuming, contamination potential, and less reproducibility limit the clinical application of NAT. ELISA is hence still a favorable use for its relatively cheap and rapid output.
HCV belonging to the Flaviviriadae family has a single stranded positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 9.6 kb. It encodes a single open reading frame of about 3000 amino acid polyprotein which is then cleaved by viral and cellular proteases into mature viral proteins: core protein, envelope glycoproteins (E1 and E2), and six nonstructural proteins (NS2, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5a, and NS5b) [5, 6]. The HCV core protein, as well as the nonstructural proteins NS3 and NS5, has been commonly used as a coating antigen for the commercial ELISA diagnostic products (MUREX, MP, ORTHO, INNOTEST, and GBC) [7, 8]. Nonetheless, HCV core is the major coating antigen for detecting the early-phase infection before seroconversion [9].
HCV core protein consists of three domains: a basic and hydrophilic region (domain I; residues 1 to 118), a C terminal hydrophobic domain (domain II; residues 119 to 173), and the last hydrophobic signal sequence (domain III; residues 174 to 191). Domain I that includes numerous positively charged amino acids involved in RNA binding contains the immunodominant antigenic sites [10]. The recombinant core protein has been expressed in COS cells, insect cells, E. coli, or using the in vitro translation system [11]. Most of the recombinant core proteins were expressed in inclusion body and purified under denaturing condition [12–14]. The inclusion body form is beneficial for industrial production; however, a proper antigenic property which could represent the infection form is still lacking.
In this study, random mutagenesis was employed to generate a library of recombinant clones to express random mutants of HCV core domain I. For efficient screening of this library, a reverse-ELISA was established as shown in Figure S1. Five of 616 mutants were selected and overexpressed in E. coli and the recombinant proteins all form inclusion bodies. The insoluble proteins dissolved in urea were then purified and refolded by stepwise dialysis to remove urea. Finally, kinetic analysis of the purified proteins was performed and the results were compared for a possible mechanism of the antigenicity enhancement.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
All reagents used in the study were of analytical grade and purchased from Sigma or Merck.
2.2. Bacterial Strains
The E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) (E. coli B F−dcm ompT hsdS(rB−mB−) galλ(DE3)) and E. coli strain XL1-Red (E. coli endA1 gyrA96 thi-1 hsdR17 supE44 relA1 lac mutD5 mutS mutT Tn10 (Tetr)) from Stratagene were, respectively, used for the protein expression and random mutagenesis experiments. Talon SuperFlow Metal Affinity resin (BD Bioscience) was used for protein purification. All reagents are biochemical or molecular biology grade (Merck and Sigma), and the reagents used in ELISA were supplied by GBC (General Biologicals Corp., Taiwan).
2.3. Seroconversion Panels
Two seroconversion panel systems including BBI panel and in-house panel of GBC were used. The international BBI panel containing 3 negative samples (HCV 10017, HCV 10026, and HCV 10058) and one positive control (HCV 10165) were purchased from BBI (BBI Diagnostics Boston Biomedica, Inc, USA). In-house panel contains 4 negative samples including 3HCV3-340 (Lot C59306NCT), P4 (Lot C56AP4), P5 (Lot C56AP5), and P6 (Lot C588P6), and 4 positive controls 3HCV3-330 (Lot C59305PCT), P1 (high titer, Lot C588P1), P2 (medium titer, Lot C579P2), and P3 (low titer, Lot C579P3).
2.4. Construction of the Recombinant HCV Core Antigen
The plasmid carrying the gene coding for HCV core was a gift from GBC ([15]; GenBank accession number M84754). The plasmid was digested with BamHI and XhoI (New England BioLabs), and the fragment of about 500 bps was collected and purified using Qiaquik Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen). The purified fragment was ligated into BamHI/ XhoI site of pET20b with T4 DNA ligase (Takara Bio Inc.) and the ligation mixture was transferred into E. coli XL10-Gold (Stratagene). The resulting plasmid, namely, pET-Wt contains domain I (amino acid residues 1 to 123) of HCV core (GenBank accession number M84754) and the neighboring pelB leader and His tag at the N and C termini, respectively.
2.5. Random Mutagenesis of the HCV Core Antigen
The plasmid pET-Wt was transferred into the mutator E. coli XL1-Red and subsequently spread on LBA plate (Luria Bertani plate supplemented with 100 μg/mL ampicillin). After incubation at 37°C for 18 hr, colonies were pooled and resuspended in 3 mL LBA broth. Aliquot of the suspension was added into 3 mL LBA broth and incubated at 37°C for 15 hr. After repeating the subculture procedure 10 times, the plasmid DNA was extracted and transferred into E. coli BL21 (DE3), and the transformed E. coli was then screened by its antigenicities.
2.6. Antigenicity Screening by Reverse-ELISA
A single colony on LBA plate was selected and inoculated into 200 μL LBA broth in a 96 well microplate. After 24 hr incubation at 37°C, 100 μL of bacterial culture was lysed by adding 100 μL LBA broth containing lysozyme (10 mg/mL). The cell lysates were then used for antigenicity screening. For high throughput screening, a reverse-ELISA (see Figure S1 of the Supplementary Material available online at doi:10.1155/2011/359042), in which an antigen is sandwiched by antibodies, was established for the titration of antigen. Essentially, the cell lysates was transferred to another 96 well microplate (100 μL/well) which was precoated with 100 μL of the antibody from GBC seroconversion panel (GBC positive control 3HCV3-330, which has been diluted 200-fold in 10 mM Tris base pH 9.5). The microplate was then incubated for 1 hr at 37°C. After washing, 100 μL (0.2 μg/mL) of the monoclonal antibody (Abcam ab18664-250 specific to hepatitis C virus NS3) conjugated with horseradish peroxidase was added and the incubation continued for 30 min at 37°C. The microplate was again washed and then developed by adding 100 μL of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine in the dark for 30 min at room temperature. The peroxidase reaction was terminated by adding 100 μL of 2 N H2SO4 and the absorbance at 450–650 nm was measured using ELISA reader (Molecular Devices).
2.7. Expression and Purification of the Recombinant HCV Core Antigen
The E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) harboring each of the recombinant plasmids was grown in 3 mL LBA for 8 hr at 37°C. Ten microlitres of the culture was refreshed grown in 50 mL of LBA at 37°C for 15 hr and then 5 mL of the culture was added into 2 liters of LBA. The culture was grown at 37°C till the absorbance (OD 600) reach ~1.0, the inducer IPTG (0.5 mM) was then added and the incubation continued for 4 hr at 37°C. The bacteria was collected by centrifugation (6,000 × g, 15 minutes, 4°C), suspended with 100 mL buffer A (50 mM Tris base, 0.5 M NaCl, 100 mM sucrose, 5 mM imidazole and 10% glycerol at pH 8.0), and finally lysed by Homogenizer (EmuFsiFlex-C5). Total cell lysate was precipitated by centrifugation (10,600 × g, 60 min, 4°C) and the collected pellet was resuspended with 100 mL buffer B (6 M urea, 50 mM Tris base, 0.5 M NaCl, 100 mM sucrose, 5 mM imidazole and 10% glycerol at pH 8.0). After the suspension subjected to incubation for 20 hr at 4°C centrifugation (10,600 × g, 60 min, 4°C), the collected supernatant was applied to the Talon affinity column (TALON SuperFlow Metal Affinity Resin, 2.6 cm × 10 cm) pre-equilibrated using buffer B. After washing away the unbound proteins using 10 column volumes of buffer B, the target protein was eluted using a linear gradient of imidazole concentration from 5 mM to 100 mM. The purified HCV core antigen was pooled as “unfolded antigen” and stored at 4°C before use.
2.8. Refolding of the Unfolded HCV Core via Dialysis
The unfolded HCV core antigen was dialyzed against 50 volumes of buffer C (20 mM Tris base and 20 mM 2-Mercaptoethanol at pH 7.6) for 8 h at 4°C using a molecular-porous membrane tubing (SPECTRUM, MWCO: 6 to 8,000). The dialysis was repeated twice, followed by 5 times dialysis against buffer D (20 mM Tris base pH 7.6) for 12 hr at 4°C. The resulting dialysis solution was centrifuged (10,600 × g, 60 min, 4°C) to remove the insoluble portion. The supernatant containing the soluble refolded antigen was then subjected to protein concentration determination, SDS-PAGE analysis for the protein homogeneity, and ELISA to evaluate the antibody binding capacity.
2.9. HPLC Performance
Purity of the proteins was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; 600E Multisolvent Delivery System, Waters Corporation, USA) with an Ultra High Resolution SEC column (BioSuite 125, 4 μm, Waters Corporation, USA) under 4°C. The insoluble proteins were separated and eluted with 0.15 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) and 3 M urea at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, while the refolded antigens were eluted using 0.15 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) without urea. The data determined by the changes of absorbance at 280 nm (996 Photodiode Array Detector, Waters Corporation, USA) were collected and processed using Empower 2 Chromatography Data Software (Waters Corporation, USA).
2.10. HCV ELISA
The purified HCV core antigen (the unfolded forms in urea solution while the refolded forms in solution D) diluted to the concentrations of 0.03 to 10 μg/mL with coating buffer (20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6) was applied to microplates and the plates were allowed to stand at 4°C for at least 20 hr. The microplates were then washed, overcoated, and dried for 15 hr. Two seroconversion panel systems, including BBI panel and inhouse panel of GBC, diluted 20-fold with Specimen Diluent C (3HC03-350 Lot C58C06SDP) were then added to the microplates for 1 hr at 37°C and used as the primary antibody. Anti-human IgG-HRPO conjugates was applied as the secondary antibody for 30 min at 37°C. The microplates were then washed and developed using 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine. The absorbance data were compiled statistically as S/Co value (S: sample value; Co: cutoff value). The cut-off value was calculated as the negative control OD plus positive control OD divided by 4 (Co = NCx + PCx/4). The S/Co value was calculated as the sample OD divided by the cut-off value. Samples with an absorbance equal to or higher than the cut-off value, that is, S/Co value greater than 1, were considered to be initially reactive in the assay.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Generation and Screening of HCV Core Antigen Mutants
The culture mutator E. coli XL1-Red carrying the plasmid pET-Wt encoding the domain I of HCV core flaked with pelB leader and His-tag (Figure 1(a)) was refreshed and then subjected to a series of subculture to introduce mutations into the HCV core antigen. After 10 generations, 616 colonies were arbitrarily selected for the antigenicity screening using the reverse ELISA. In the reverse ELISA, HCV core antigen mutant is sandwiched by two kinds of HCV antibodies, the serum antibody of positive control panel and a monoclonal antibody (abcam, ab18664-250). The monoclonal antibody was described as specific to HCV NS3. However, it reacted with our HCV core antigen in previous experiments (data not shown). Besides, it was produced by using a chimeric HCV polyprotein as its immunogen, and the sequence alignment of this immunogen and HCV core protein showed 90% identity (see Figure S2). Finally, five of the 616 colonies which exhibiting relatively higher antigenicities than the original pET-Wt were isolated and the plasmids were purified for sequence determination.
Figure 1.
Sequence comparison. (a) The primary sequence of wild-type recombinant HCV core antigen presented in single letter code. It consists of three components: pelB leader (from aa 1 to aa 31 in border-box), HCV core fragment containing domain I (from aa 32 to aa 154, total 123 aa), and His tag (from aa 155 to aa 162, underlined). (b) Five mutants with higher antigenicities are aligned with wild-type antigen covering residues 68 to 137. Four high-frequency mutation points at W84, P95, P110, and V129 are in boldface. The mutations are marked with a shaded box. The characters H, E, and C stand for alpha helices, beta strands, and random coil, respectively.
3.2. Isolation and Alignment of the HCV Core Antigen Mutants
The sequences from the residues 68 to137 of the five mutants were aligned with that of the wild-type antigen. As shown in Figure 1(b), these mutations were mapped to W84, P95, P110, and V129. The mutants were named according to the number of residue changed as M1a, M1b (one residue mutation), M2 (two residue mutation), M3a, and M3b (three residue mutation). The alterations included tryptophan or proline to serine or leucine. When analyzed using Burgess Ponnuswamy Scheraga (BPS) method [16], the residue alterations have apparent effects on the secondary structure with respect to random coil fluctuations to help exposure of the residue. Besides, it is believed that the replacement by hydrophilic or less hydrophobic amino acids enhance the solubility of HCV core antigens in aqueous system. A single mutation alters the immunogenic properties via changes of the secondary structure had been reported in the case of HIV [17]. Whether the mutations have similar effects could only be verified until the structure of HCV core is available.
3.3. Expression and Purification of the Recombinant HCV Core Antigens
The recombinant proteins of Wt and the five mutants overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) all formed inclusion body with deduced molecular mass of 19 kDa. After the inclusion bodies dissolved in urea, the denatured proteins were purified by Talon affinity chromatography under denaturing condition with 6 M Urea. In our previous experiments, to remove urea by one-step dialysis against solution D or by above 1000-fold (<6 mM urea) dilution with coating buffer will cause aggregation and precipitation of HCV core antigens. By stepwise dialysis, less precipitates were found and the supernatants containing soluble HCV core antigens were above 95% purity by SDS-PAGE and HPLC chromatography (see Figure S3).
3.4. HCV ELISA of the Core Mutants
The unfolded or refolded form of Wt or any of the mutant antigens (4 μg/mL × 100 μL per well) was used to coat the ELISA microplate individually for the subsequent HCV ELISA. As shown in Figure 2(a), these recombinant antigens were able to readily differentiate the positives (i.e., S/Co > 1) from negative samples (i.e., S/Co < 1) of BBI panels. As shown in Figure 2(b), all the sequentially diluted PCs (positive control of GBC inhouse panel) could be detected by these recombinant antigens except the 70-fold diluted one. The mutations with more residue substitutions (M3a and M3b) appeared to enhance the detection sensitivity as assessed with the larger S/Co value than the others.
Figure 2.
HCV ELISA for urea-denatured HCV core mutants. The urea-denatured HCV core antigens (100 μL of 4 μg/mL per well) were used to coat the microplate for the detection of anti-HCV antibody of BBI panel (a) and GBC inhouse panel (b). The absorbance data were compiled statistically as S/Co value (S: sample value; Co: cut-off value). The cut-off value was calculated as the negative control OD plus positive control OD divided by 4 (Co = NCx + PCx/4). The positive samples (i.e., S/Co > 1, marked as open circle, lot number HCV10165-6∼9) could be clearly separated from the negative samples (i.e., S/Co < 1, marked as closed circle, lot number HCV10017-1∼7, HCV10026-1∼5, HCV10058-1∼3) of BBI panel. In Figure 2(b), the primary antibodies used are sequentially diluted in 10-fold order from 10x to 70x of the PC (positive control) and NC (negative control). Co value was calculated by the average OD values of NC and 20x PC. The data are marked as • (10x), ∘ (20x), ▾ (30x), ▽(40x), ■ (50x), □ (60x), ♦ (70x), and (negative control).
3.5. Comparison of the Detection Sensitivity of the Insoluble and Refolded Proteins
As shown in Figures 3(a) and 3(b), both antigen forms at the concentration of 2 μg/mL exhibited a similar level of antigenicity in the order of M3b > M3a > M2 > M1a > M1b > Wt. The saturated sensitivities of the refolded proteins were 1.19- to 1.27-fold higher than their unfolded forms. The saturated concentrations of the unfolded/refolded antigens were about 0.7/0.6 mg/mL (M3b), 0.8/0.6 mg/mL (M3a), 0.9/0.7 mg/mL (M2), 0.9/0.9 mg/mL (M1a), 1.0/0.8 mg/mL (M1b), and 0.9/0.9 mg/mL (Wt), indicating the refolding process had no apparent effect on the saturation concentration. As for refolded M3b used as the coating antigen to substitute the currently used HCV core antigen (Wt) for the anti-HCV antibody ELISA, it appeared to enhance about 20% of the antigenicity which allowed reducing about 33% of the production demand.
Figure 3.
Saturation curves for urea-denatured (a) and refolded (b) forms of HCV core antigens. Antigenicity of unfolded (a) and refolded (b) forms of HCV core antigens were examined by ELISA using the microplate that had been coated with different amounts of Wt (•), M1a (∘), M1b (▾), M2 (▽), M3a (■), and M3b(□).
3.6. Kinetic Analysis
As shown in Table 1, comparison of the Langmuir equilibrium constant (KL) and maximum binding capacity (Amax), assessed using the reciprocals of absorbance (1/A) and the antigen concentration (1/[S]) (see Figure S4), revealed that either mutation enhanced the affinity and binding capacity to the antibody. The refolding procedure further increased the binding capacity (Amax) and the affinity index (KL). The mutant M3b antigen exhibited the highest affinity and binding capacity. When compared to the unfolded Wt antigen, the refolded M3b showed an increase of about 38% of KL (from 82 to 113 μM−1) and 113% of Amax (from 0.45 to 0.96).
Table 1.
KL (affinity) and Amax (maximum binding capacity) of HCV core antigens.
| Wild type | M1a | M1b | M2 | M3a | M3b | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Core protein | Ua | Rb | R/U | U | R | R/U | U | R | R/U | U | R | R/U | U | R | R/U | U | R | R/U |
| KL (μM−1) | 82 ± 8 | 69 ± 5 | 0.9 | 74 ± 7 | 64 ± 4 | 0.9 | 43 ± 3 | 39 ± 3 | 0.9 | 77 ± 6 | 61 ± 4 | 0.8 | 93 ± 8 | 115 ± 5 | 1.2 | 87 ± 10 | 113 ± 10 | 1.3 |
| Amax (10−2) | 45 ± 2 | 54 ± 2 | 1.2 | 54 ± 2 | 64 ± 2 | 1.2 | 55 ± 3 | 66 ± 3 | 1.2 | 58 ± 2 | 74 ± 2 | 1.3 | 65 ± 2 | 78 ± 1 | 1.2 | 80 ± 3 | 96 ± 3 | 1.2 |
| Rsqr | 0.96 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.91 | ||||||
a, bUn-folded and refolded protein, respectively.
4. Conclusion
Five HCV core antigen mutants with an improved antigenicity were obtained via random mutagenesis and reverse-ELISA screening. The mutant-carrying plasmids were individually expressed in E. coli, the inclusion bodies formed were dissolved in urea and purified, the denatured protein refolded by dialysis, and the dialyzed proteins were used to coat the microplates for the ELISA of anti-HCV antibody. Sequence analysis of the mutated residues suggested that the random coils play a critical role in the antigenicity enhancement. Kinetic analysis using Langmuir simulation further confirmed that the antigenicity has been improved via increasing the affinity and binding capacity to the antibody. All five mutants appeared to contain either change of W84 or V129, the ones harbor additional mutation on P95 or P110 had better antigenicity. It would be of interest to investigate that if a significant increase of the antigenicity could be observed after all four residues of the protein are altered.
Supplementary Material
For improving the antigenicity of HCV core antigen, random mutations of this recombinant antigen were generated and evaluated by reverse-ELISA. Several mutants with higher antigenicities were examined. They can be used to develop a highly sensitive HCV ELISA. Following supplemental material provides additional information for the strategy of antigen screening (Figure S1), the antigen's sequence identity (Figure S2), the antigen's purity (Figure S3), and the plot of double-reciprocals for kinetic constants calculation (Figure S4). More detail and important data please refer to the original texts.
Acknowledgments
The work was supported by the National Science Council, Taiwan, NSC 97-2320-B-009-001-MY3 and General Biologicals Corporation in Hsinchu Science Park, Taiwan.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
For improving the antigenicity of HCV core antigen, random mutations of this recombinant antigen were generated and evaluated by reverse-ELISA. Several mutants with higher antigenicities were examined. They can be used to develop a highly sensitive HCV ELISA. Following supplemental material provides additional information for the strategy of antigen screening (Figure S1), the antigen's sequence identity (Figure S2), the antigen's purity (Figure S3), and the plot of double-reciprocals for kinetic constants calculation (Figure S4). More detail and important data please refer to the original texts.