Abstract
Candida is an important cause of bloodstream infections (BSI), causing significant mortality and morbidity in health care settings. From January 2008 to December 2010 all consecutive patients who developed candidemia at San Martino University Hospital, Italy were enrolled in the study. A total of 348 episodes of candidaemia were identified during the study period (January 2008–December 2010), with an incidence of 1,73 episodes/1000 admissions. Globally, albicans and non-albicans species caused around 50% of the cases each. Non-albicans included Candida parapsilosis (28.4%), Candida glabrata (9.5%), Candida tropicalis (6.6%), and Candida krusei (2.6%). Out of 324 evaluable patients, 141 (43.5%) died within 30 days from the onset of candidemia. C. parapsilosis candidemia was associated with the lowest mortality rate (36.2%). In contrast, patients with C. krusei BSI had the highest mortality rate (55.5%) in this cohort. Regarding the crude mortality in the different units, patients in Internal Medicine wards had the highest mortality rate (54.1%), followed by patients in ICU and Hemato-Oncology wards (47.6%).
This report shows that candidemia is a significant source of morbidity in Italy, with a substantial burden of disease, mortality, and likely high associated costs. Although our high rates of candidemia may be related to high rates of BSI in general in Italian public hospitals, reasons for these high rates are not clear and warrant further study. Determining factors associated with these high rates may lead to identifying measures that can help to prevent disease.
Introduction
Candida is an important cause of bloodstream infections (BSI), causing significant mortality and morbidity in health care settings. The incidence of candidemia is growing with the increasing complexity of surgical procedures, the existence of patient populations at higher risk of infection, and the changes in patient demographic characteristics. Its overall incidence raised fivefold in the past ten years and Candida spp. is currently between the fourth and the sixth most common nosocomial bloodstream isolate in American and European studies [1], [2]. However, candidemia rates vary geographically. For example, an increasing incidence of candidemia in Iceland was reported for the period between 1980 and 1999 [3], but the same was not observed in Switzerland, where a national surveillance study showed that the incidence of candidemia had remained unchanged during the period of 1991 to 2000 [2]. It therefore seems that differences do exist in the epidemiology of candidemia between different countries, underscoring the need for continuous surveillance to monitor trends in incidence, species distribution, and antifungal drug susceptibility profiles. The epidemiology of candidemia has been studied extensively in the United States, Europe, and some countries in South America.
Candidemia remains associated with high crude and attributable mortality rates and with increased costs of care and duration of hospitalization. Attributable mortality has been reported to range from 5% to 71%, and crude mortality rates have been reported to be as high as 81% [4], [5]. In terms of species of Candida, recently, a shift towards non-albicans species was reported by some authors especially in haematological, transplanted and intensive care unit (ICU) patients [6]–[8].
A reduced antifungal susceptibility in non-albicans species and a correlation with routine fluconazole prophylactic use has been suggested [7], [9]. Intrinsic and emerging resistance to azoles actually represents a major challenge for empirical therapeutic and prophylactic strategies [10].
This study was performed to evaluate contemporary epidemiology, species distribution, antifungal susceptibly and outcome of candidema BSI in an Italian hospital.
Methods
All consecutive patients who developed candidemia at San Martino University Hospital, Italy, a 1,500 beds tertiary care hospital with about 70,000 admissions per year were enrolled in the study during the period January 2008–December 2010. Patients with at least one positive blood culture for Candida spp. And a compatible clinical illness were identified through the microbiological laboratory data base and all informations was recorded in an electronic database. For each patient, only the first episode of candidemia was recorded. Detailed information with regard to candidemia episodes were analyzed, including underlying patient characteristics, the specific fungal pathogen and species, resistance to antifungals and survival. Patients whose cultures grew >1 species of Candida were excluded from the analysis. Patients with candidemia were followed prospectively for 30 days or until their discharge from the hospital. Outcome was recorded only for patients with at least 30 days follow-up after the initial episode of candidemia.
During the study period there were no changes in microbiological laboratory techniques. Candida species were isolated from blood using BACTEC 860 system (Becton Dickinson, INC, Sparks, MD). The species were identified using API-32C system (bioMerieux Vitek, Inc, St. Louis, MI). Antifungal susceptibility testing of isolates of Candida spp. was performed by the reference broth microdilution method described by the CLSI [11] . The interpretive breakpoints used for tests were based on values recommended by the CLSI and EUCAST [11], [12].
The following antifungal drugs were tested: amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole.
The Chi-square-test or the Fisher Exact-test were used to compare categorical variables.
The study was approved by the local institutional review board (Comitato Etico, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino) and written patient consent was not required because of the observational nature of this study.
Results
A total of 348 episodes of candidaemia were identified during the study period (January 2008–December 2010), with an incidence of 1,73 episodes/1000 admissions as shown in table 1. Incidence of candidemia increased from 1,18 in 2008 to 2,37 episodes/1000 admission in 2010 (Table 1). The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients are summarized in table 1. The majority of patients (93,1%) had one or more comorbidity at the time of the diagnosis of candidaemia. One hundred fifty-seven patients (45,1%) had urdergone a surgical intervention, 143 (41,1%) had solid tumor, 39 (11,2%) were diabetic, 27 (7,7%) had hematologic malignancies, 5 (1,4%) had received a solid organ transplantation and 3 (0,9%) had human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Table 1. Patient characteristics and incidence (episode/1000 person/day).
| Candida species | |||||||
| C. albicans | C.parapsilosis | C.glabrata | C.tropicalis | C. krusei | Other | All | |
| (n = 170) | (n = 99) | (n = 33) | (n = 23) | (n = 9) | (n = 14) | (n = 348) | |
| 48,9% | 28,4% | 9,5% | 6,6% | 2,6% | 4,0% | 100,0% | |
| Patients characteriristic | |||||||
| Mean age (standard deviation) | 70,1 (±15,72) | 66,6 (±16,03) | 69,45 (±13,4) | 73,35 (±15,32) | 47,0 (±15,73) | 67,07 (±20,72) | 68,7 (±15,95) |
| Male sex, n (%) | 99 (57,89) | 49 (49,49) | 18 (54,54) | 13 (56,52) | 6 (66,67) | 8 (57,14) | 185 (53,31) |
| Underline diseases, n (%) | |||||||
| - Surgery | 75 (47,77) | 54 (34,4) | 13 (8,28) | 9 (5,73) | 2 (1,27) | 4 (2,55) | 157 |
| - Solid organ transplantation | 2 (40) | 2 (40) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | 5 |
| - Hematologic malignancy | 11 (40,75) | 7 (25,93) | 1 (3,7) | 1 (3,7) | 6 (22,22) | 1 (3,7) | 27 |
| - HIV | 1 (33,33) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (33,33) | 0 (0) | 1 (33,33) | 3 |
| - Solid tumor | 52 (52,53) | 30 (30,3) | 8 (8,08) | 5 (5,05) | 0 (0) | 4 (4,04) | 99 |
| - Cardiovascular disease | 73 (51) | 40 (28) | 10 (7) | 10 (7) | 2 (1,4) | 8 (5,6) | 143 |
| - Diabetes mellitus | 20 (51,28) | 11 (28,20) | 2 (5,13) | 4 (10,26) | 0 (0) | 2 (5,13) | 39 |
| Incidence (episodes/1000 admissions) | |||||||
| 2008 | 0,55 | 0,39 | 0,08 | 0,08 | 0,01 | 0,07 | 1,18 |
| 2009 | 0,95 | 0,48 | 0,11 | 0,1 | 0,06 | 0,07 | 1,77 |
| 2010 | 1,09 | 0,64 | 0,33 | 0,17 | 0,07 | 0,07 | 2,37 |
The distribution of isolated Candida species is shown in figure 1. Globally, albicans and non-albicans species caused around 50% of the cases each. Non-albicans included Candida parapsilosis (28.4%), Candida glabrata (9.5%), Candida tropicalis (6.6%), and Candida krusei (2.6%). The distribution of albicans and non-albicans strains differed according to the type of patient population and risk factors, as shown in Figure 1. In transplant patients, C. albicans was isolated in 40% of the cases, Candida parapsilosis in 33% and Candida glabrata in 18%; in Hemato-Oncology C. albicans accounted for 40% of the cases and C. parapsilosis and C. krusei for 20% each; on the other hand in ICU C. albicans was isolated in 66% of the cases.
Figure 1. Distribution of the Candida species according to underlying pathology/medical care (n).
Table 2 shows the results of the in vitro activity of 5 systemically active antifungal agents tested against 342 BSI isolates of Candida spp. Based on CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints [11], [12]. The rate of susceptibility to fluconazole was 98.7% and 96,4% for C. albicans and 100% and 98% for C. parapsilosis, according to CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints, respectively. Decreased susceptibility to fluconazole was mostly seen with C. glabrata [81.8% and 93,9% susceptible in a dose-dependent manner (SDD) or resistant (R) for CLSI and EUCAST, respectively] and C. tropicalis (14.3% and 26% SDD or R, for CLSI and EUCAST). Overall, 12.6% with CLSI and 16,4% with EUCAST method of the 342 isolates tested were either SDD or resistant to fluconazole. Caspofungin demonstrated potent activity against C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis with higher MICs C. parapsilosis (MIC90 1 µg/mL). Resistance to caspofungin was not found with CLSI method. The rates of SDD or R to itraconazole is particularly high in Candida spp. (31%).
Table 2. Antifungal susceptibility test results for selected species of Candida isolated during the study period.
| Species (n) | Antifungal agent | MIC range(µg/ml) | MIC50(µg/ml) | MIC90(µg/ml) | No. (%) of resistant or SDD isolates | |
| CLSI | EUCAST | |||||
| C. albicans (167) | Amfotericin B | 0,016–1 | 0,5 | 0,5 | na | 0 |
| Caspofungin | 0,002–0,25 | 0,06 | 0,125 | 0 | Na | |
| Fluconazole | 0,125–256 | 0,25 | 1 | 2 (1,3) | 6 (3,6) | |
| Itraconazole | 0,006–256 | 0,125 | 0,25 | 18 (11,9) | Na | |
| Voriconazole | 0,002–256 | 0,003 | 0,016 | 2 (1,3) | 6 (3,6) | |
| C. parapsilosis (98) | Amfotericin B | 0,008–1 | 0,5 | 0,5 | na | 0 |
| Caspofungin | 0,03–1 | 0,5 | 1 | 0 | Na | |
| Fluconazole | 0,06–8 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2(2) | |
| Itraconazole | 0,006–0,5 | 0,125 | 0,25 | 23 (26,4) | Na | |
| Voriconazole | 0,006–0,125 | 0,016 | 0,06 | 0 | 0 | |
| C. glabrata (33) | Amfotericin B | 0,03–1 | 0,05 | 1 | na | 0 |
| Caspofungin | 0,006–0,25 | 0,06 | 0,125 | 0 | Na | |
| Fluconazole | 0,5–256 | 16 | 32 | 27 (81,8) | 31 (93,9) | |
| Itraconazole | 0,125–16 | 1 | 8 | 29 (96,6) | Na | |
| Voriconazole | 0,006–8 | 0,25 | 1 | 3 (9,6) | 16(48,5) | |
| C. tropicalis (23) | Amfotericin B | 0,06–2 | 0,5 | 1 | na | 0 |
| Caspofungin | 0,016–0,16 | 0,03 | 0,125 | 0 | Na | |
| Fluconazole | 0,25–256 | 1 | 8 | 3 (14,3) | 6 (26) | |
| Itraconazole | 0,125–16 | 0,25 | 0,5 | 20 (95,2) | Na | |
| Voriconazole | 0,006–16 | 0,06 | 0,5 | 2 (9,5) | 7 (30,4) | |
| All Candida spp. (342) | Amphotericin B | 0.008–1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | na | 0 |
| Caspofungin | 0.002–1 | 0.06 | 0.125 | 0 | Na | |
| Fluconazole | 0.06–256 | 0.5 | 4 | 43 (12,6) | 56 (16,4) | |
| Itraconazole | 0.006–256 | 0.125 | 0.5 | 106 (31) | Na | |
| Voriconazole | 0.006–256 | 0.06 | 0.5 | 4 (1.2) | 34 (9,9) | |
SDD: susceptible dose dependence; na: breakpoint not available.
CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; EUCAST: European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.
Patient outcomes 30 days stratified by Candida species and type of units are reported in table 3. Out of 324 evaluable patients, 141 (43.5%) died within 30 days from the onset of candidemia. C. parapsilosis candidemia was associated with the lowest mortality rate (36.2%).In contrast, patients with C. krusei BSI had the highest mortality rate (55.5%) in this cohort. No statistically significant differences were observed.
Table 3. Number of death and 30 days/mortality for various Candida spp. and in the different hospital wards.
| C. albicans | C. glabrata | C. krusei | C. parapsilosis | C. tropicalis | Others | All | ||||||||
| Death/N of episodes | Mortality(%) | Death/N of episodes | Mortality(%) | Death/N of episodes | Mortality(%) | Death/N of episodes | Mortality(%) | Death/N of episodes | Mortality(%) | Death/N of episodes | Mortality(%) | Death/N of episodes (%) | MortalityN. (%) | |
| Hospital Ward | ||||||||||||||
| Internal Medicine | 31/62 | (50) | 5/8 | (62,5) | 1 | (0) | 19/39 | (48,7) | 8/16 | (50) | 4/7 | (57,1) | 133 (41) | 68 (51,1) |
| Hematology/Oncology | 4/8 | (50) | 0 | (0) | 6 | (50) | 2/5 | (40) | 0 | (0) | 2/2 | (100) | 21 (6.5) | 10(47,6) |
| Transplant | 4/12 | (33,3) | 2/5 | (40) | 0 | (0) | 4/12 | (33,3) | 1 | (0) | 1/2 | (50) | 32 (9.9) | 11 (34,4) |
| Intensive Care Unit | 19/42 | (45,2) | 5/6 | (83,3) | 2 | (100) | 4/11 | (36,4) | 0 | (0) | 2 | (0) | 63 (19.4) | 30 (47,6) |
| General Surgery | 12/34 | (35,2) | 1/7 | (14,3) | 0 | (0) | 5/27 | (18,5) | 3/6 | (50) | 1/1 | (100) | 75 (23) | 22 (29,3) |
| Global | 70/158 | (44,3) | 13/26 | (50) | 5/9 | (55,5) | 34/94 | (36,2) | 11/23 | (47,8) | 8/14 | (57,1) | 324 (100) | 141 (43,5) |
No statistically significant differences were observed with C. tropicalis, C. krusei, or other Candida species.
Regarding the crude mortality in the different units, patients in Internal Medicine wards had the highest mortality rate (54.1%), followed by patients in ICU and Hemato-Oncology wards (47.6%).
Discussion
Several studies have shown a substantial increase in the incidence of candidemia in the past 2 decades. Our data show that in our hospital the incidence of candidemia has increased steadily and significantly in the past 3 years. Our rates are higher than those reported for centers in the Northern Hemisphere, including the United States (0.28 to 0.96 case per 1,000 admissions) [13], [14], Canada (0.45 case per 1,000 admissions) [15] and some European countries (0.20 to 1.09 case per 1,000 admissions) [16]–[18] and much higher than those reported in Finland (0.026 to 0.03 case per 1,000 admission [19]. The differences in candidemia rates between countries may reflect differences in representativeness and age distributions of the study populations, variations in health care practices, patterns using blood cultures, and antibiotic usage as well as the resistance situation.
Over the past 10 years, some studies have reported a shift in the etiology of candidemia. While C. albicans is still considered the most common species causing candidemia, increasing rates of candidemia caused by C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, and C. krusei have been reported worldwide [6]–[8], [20]. The reasons for the emergence of non-C. albicans species are not completely understood, but some medical conditions may consistently impact the risk of developing candidemia due to non-C. albicans species: C. parapsilosis fungemia has been associated with vascular catheters and parenteral nutrition [21]. C. tropicalis candidemia is associated with cancer and neutropenia [22], and C. krusei and C. glabrata fungemias are associated with previous exposure to azoles [9], [23]. The findings from our surveillance are partially supportive of these reports. We observed a light predominance of non– C. albicans Candida species (51.1%), however C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species (48.9%). Our series clearly consolidates the concept that candidemia due to C. krusei is rare in Italy and shows that C. parapsilosis accounts for the large majority of non-C. albicans species. Why C. krusei is unusual in Italy is not clear, but the wide geographic variability in the species distribution suggests that factors other than the use of fluconazole may be important, including demographic characteristics and the use of antibiotics. However, although the proportion of C. krusei infections in Italy is small, the burden of this species is more or less similar to rates reported recently in Spain [18].
We report a low rate of C. tropicalis candidemia similar to those published in European and North American series (2 to 10% in Europe and 10 to 12% in the United States and Canada) [24], [25]. Traditionally, C.tropicalis has been the second and C.glabrata the third or fourth most common Candida species recovered from blood [6], [7].
In our study C.parapsilosis surpassed the other non-albicans to become the most common species isolated after C.albicans. The high incidence of C.parapsilosis candidemia has been previously reported in South American and Italian hospitals [26], [27].
C. albicans dominated in our study only in ICU with 66% of the species isolated and is probably related to the restricted fluconazole prophylaxis initiated in 2005 as already published [9]. Non-albicans Candida occurs frequently among haemato-oncologial and in solid organ transplant patients, confirming previous observations [28].
Interesting differences emerged in the profiles of patients with candidal BSI between our data and those previously described. Canadian figures [29] identified that 64% of episodes of nosocomial fungaemia occurred in patients in ICU. In contrast, only 19,4% of episodes in our study arose in ICU patients; this proportion being only a small amount lower than that which arose from patients in the surgical units (23%). In our study in contrast with other experiences, an unusually large proportion (41%) occurred among patients in a general internal medicine service. We hypothesise that this variety of patterns reflects differences in the organisation and resourcing of healthcare delivery in various countries rather than significant differences in the characteristics of the different populations studied.
Antifungal resistance was a rare finding in our study and was restricted to azoles. As with a recently Spanish study [18], none of our Candida bloodstream isolates had MICs of >2 µg/ml for amphotericin B. Our proportion of fluconazole-resistant or SDD isolates (12,6% with CLSI and 16,4% with EUCAST breakpoints) was higher than the rates observed with European (6,3%) and North American (6.6%) isolates [18], [30]. Voriconazole was the azole which exhibited the best in vitro antifungal activity. As reported by others [31] caspofungin demonstrated excellent activity. Important differences in susceptibility, especially for azoles were observed when the CLSI and EUCAST reference methods have been compared [11], [12].
Retrospective cohort studies involving patients with candidemia and varying underlying diseases have revealed worldwide crude and attributable mortality rates of 30%–81% and 5%–71%, respectively [24], [32]–[34]. The severity of candidaemia is confirmed by the high crude mortality rate found in the ECMM survey (38%) [16] as well as in Finland (35%) [35] and in the Barcelona area (44%) [17]. In our series, patients with candidemia had a crude 30 days mortality rate of 43.5%, similar to that reported in Spain. Similar to other reports, patients with C. parapsilosis candidemia had the lowest death rates [25], [36] while Candida krusei, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis BSIs appeared particularly severe, with an unfavourable outcome in more than 40% of patients [5], [16]. This high crude mortality rate of BSIs caused by these species may be due to their occurrence in patients with underlying life-threatening conditions.
Mortality rate at 30 days was higher in Internal Medicine Department (51,1%) and lower in surgical patients (29,3%). These data are different with those reported in other similar studies were the highest mortality has been found in ICU or tumour and haematology patients [37], [38]. Certainly the severity of the underlying medical condition greatly influences the crude mortality rate in these patient populations, however for the patient in Internal Medicine inappropriate therapy could represent an important variable – consisting mostly of omission of initial empirical therapy and an inadequate choice of antifungals – which has been associated with increased mortality [39], [40]. Some limitations of the study must be stressed. The major one is that this is a single centre study and even if it comes from a very large Italian hospital, regional conditions such as features of the patient population and antimicrobial/infection control practices of this specific tertiary care centre may influence the results.
This report shows that candidemia is a significant source of morbidity in Italy, with a substantial burden of disease, mortality, and likely high associated costs. Although our high rates of candidemia may be related to high rates of BSI in general in Italian public hospitals, reasons for these high rates are not clear and warrant further study. Determining factors associated with these high rates may lead to identifying measures that can help to prevent disease.
Footnotes
Competing Interests: MB serves on scientific advisory boards for Pfizer Inc., Merck Serono, Novartis, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., and Astellas Pharma Inc.; has received funding for travel or speaker honoraria from Pfizer Inc., Merck Serono, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Sanofi-Aventis, Cephalon, Inc., Bayer Schering Pharma, Janssen, and Astellas Pharma Inc. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The other authors report no disclosures.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
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