Abstract
Objective
To assess the efficacy and safety of abatacept in biological-naive patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate treated in the long-term extension (LTE) of the ATTEST trial.
Methods
Patients randomly assigned to abatacept, placebo or infliximab completing the 1-year double-blind period were eligible to receive abatacept ∼10 mg/kg in the open-label LTE. Efficacy to year 2 is presented for patients randomly assigned to abatacept or infliximab who switched to open-label abatacept. Safety data are presented for all patients entering LTE regardless of double-blind treatment.
Results
Of 431 patients randomly assigned, 79.8% remained on abatacept at year 2. At years 1 and 2, 19.7% and 26.1% of abatacept and 13.3% and 28.6% of infliximab-to-abatacept patients achieved disease activity score 28-defined remission (<2.6). Safety with abatacept during the cumulative study period was consistent with the double-blind experience, with no increase in adverse event incidence following the switch to abatacept.
Conclusion
In methotrexate-inadequate responders, abatacept efficacy was maintained over 2 years. For infliximab-to-abatacept patients, efficacy improvements were seen in year 2 after patients switched to abatacept. Switching directly from infliximab to abatacept was well tolerated. These data demonstrate that abatacept provides sustained responses and consistent safety, suggesting that switching from infliximab to abatacept is a viable treatment option.
Randomised clinical trials have assessed the efficacy and safety of switching to abatacept (T-cell costimulation modulator), rituximab (B-cell depleting therapy) or tocilizumab (interleukin-6 inhibitor) after failure of anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) agents.1–5 However, there is a paucity of information on the efficacy and safety of switching from one mechanism of action to another in patients who have not failed previous anti-TNF therapy due to lack of efficacy.
The Abatacept or infliximab versus placebo, a Trial for Tolerability, Efficacy and Safety in Treating rheumatoid arthritis (ATTEST) trial provided a unique opportunity to assess clinical efficacy and safety outcomes in biological-naive patients who switched from an anti-TNF to abatacept, regardless of earlier treatment response - that is including both patients in high, moderate or low disease states, or with American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20, 50 or 70 responses, at the end of 12 months of infliximab treatment. Such observations could help inform clinical decision-making following treatment withdrawal for either safety or efficacy-related reasons. In the 1-year double-blind period of ATTEST, although a greater proportion of patients achieved ACR20 at month 1 with infliximab versus abatacept, by month 3 responses were similar. Both biological agents demonstrated comparable efficacy compared with placebo at 6 months; further improvements were observed with abatacept over 1 year.6 there were numerically fewer serious adverse events (SAE) and serious infections with abatacept versus infliximab over 1 year.
Here, we report the efficacy and safety from the 1-year open-label long-term extension (LTE) of ATTEST, in which all patients received open-label abatacept, regardless of double-blind treatment or treatment response.
Methods
Patients and study design
Patients had an inadequate response to methotrexate with active disease at randomisation, as previously described.6 Patients were randomly assigned (3:3:2), using a double-dummy regimen,6 to receive intravenous abatacept (∼10 mg/kg based on weight range), infliximab (fixed-dose 3 mg/kg) or placebo, plus background methotrexate. Placebo-treated patients were switched to abatacept at month 6. At month 12, patients from each treatment group could enter the open-label LTE, during which they received abatacept every 28 days. For patients switching from infliximab, there was no washout period before the first abatacept infusion. Patients were monitored monthly, at each study visit. During the open-label LTE, physicians could add a non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug and adjust corticosteroid and methotrexate doses. The active-controlled ATTEST trial, requested by the authorities, was initially powered to detect reductions in disease activity with abatacept versus placebo over 6 months. Although not powered for, comparisons in safety and efficacy between abatacept and infliximab were prespecified. The primary objective of the open-label LTE, however, was to evaluate safety in patients who remained on treatment.
Efficacy assessments
Clinical efficacy was a secondary objective of this study, and results are presented at 6-month intervals during the open-label LTE for patients originally randomly assigned to either abatacept or infliximab, who received at least one abatacept infusion in the LTE; data for patients randomly assigned to placebo are not shown. Disease activity was assessed by the disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28; erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), low disease activity state (LDAS) ≤3.2; remission <2.6),7 and by the simplified disease activity index (SDAI; low disease activity ≤11.0; remission ≤3.3). ACR8 and EULAR responses9 and health assessment questionnaire-disability index (HAQ-DI)10 scores were recorded, and are provided in the supplementary information available online only. Results are shown for patients with data available at the visit of interest (as-observed analysis).
Patient-level, post-hoc analyses of shifts in ACR responses and DAS28 status from year 1 to year 2 were performed in patients who originally received infliximab and then switched to abatacept. Mutually exclusive categories were used to define ACR responses and DAS28 status, detailed in table 1.
Table 1.
Post-hoc analyses of shifts in ACR responses and DAS28 (ESR) states between year 1 and year 2, following switch from infliximab to abatacept
| ACR response* at year 1 | Shifts in ACR response* by year 2, n (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total, n (%) | No response | ACR20 (not ACR50/70) | ACR50 (not ACR70) | ACR70 | |
| No response | 39 (30.7) | 10 (25.6) | 11 (28.2) | 13 (33.3) | 5 (12.8) |
| ACR 20 (but not ACR50/70) | 32 (25.2) | 7 (21.9) | 5 (15.6) | 9 (28.1) | 11 (34.4) |
| ACR 50 (but not ACR70) | 24 (18.9) | 3 (12.5) | 1 (4.2) | 8 (33.3) | 12 (50.0) |
| ACR 70 | 32 (25.2) | 0 | 0 | 3 (9.4) | 29 (90.6) |
| DAS28 (ESR) status* at year 1 | Shifts in DAS28 (ESR) status* by year 2, n (%) | ||||
| Total, n (%) | HDAS (DAS28 >5.1) | MDAS (DAS28 >3.2–5.1) | LDAS (DAS28 2.6–3.2) | Remission (DAS28 <2.6) | |
| HDAS (DAS28 >5.1) | 39 (31.2) | 8 (20.5) | 25 (64.1) | 2 (5.1) | 4 (10.3) |
| MDAS (DAS28 >3.2–5.1) | 56 (44.8) | 4 (7.1) | 25 (44.6) | 15 (26.8) | 12 (21.4) |
| LDAS (DAS28 2.6–3.2) | 12 (9.6) | 1 (8.3) | 4 (33.3) | 1 (8.3) | 6 (50.0) |
| Remission (DAS28 <2.6) | 18 (14.4) | 0 | 1 (5.6) | 3 (16.7) | 14 (77.8) |
ACR response and DAS28 status categories are discrete.
ACR, American College of Rheumatology; DAS28, disease activity score in 28 joints; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HDAS, high disease activity state; LDAS, low disease activity state; MDAS, moderate disease activity state.
Safety assessments
Adverse events were monitored monthly at each study visit. The safety of abatacept during the cumulative period (1-year double-blind plus 1-year LTE) is presented as incidence rates (IR) for patients who received at least one infusion of abatacept, regardless of initial randomisation. In addition, events that occurred during open-label abatacept treatment in patients originally randomly assigned to infliximab are shown alongside events that occurred in the double-blind period with abatacept or infliximab for comparison.
Results
Patient disposition, baseline demographics and clinical characteristics
Of the 431 patients originally randomly assigned to abatacept (n=156), infliximab (n=165) or placebo (n=110), 344 (79.8%) patients remained on abatacept at year 2. Detailed patient disposition data are provided in supplementary figure 1 (available online only). Patient demographics and baseline clinical characteristics for patients who entered the LTE were consistent with those for the original randomly assigned population,6 and were comparable between original groups (supplementary table A, available online only).
Concomitant medications
During the 1-year open-label LTE, 98.5% of all patients (both original abatacept and infliximab arms) received concomitant methotrexate. Other than methotrexate, concomitant non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs administered during the LTE included azathioprine (for original abatacept and infliximab arms, respectively; 0.8% vs 3.7%), hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine (1.5% vs 2.2%), leflunomide (2.3% vs 3.7%) and sulfasalazine (4.5% vs 4.4%).
Clinical efficacy
The proportions of patients achieving DAS28-defined LDAS and remission, and those achieving SDAI-defined low disease activity and remission are shown in figure 1A,B. Rates of LDAS and remission, according to both DAS28 and SDAI, increased numerically from year 1 to year 2 in the original abatacept group; for patients originally randomly assigned to infliximab, rates increased following the switch to abatacept. ACR 50 and 70 responses, EULAR responses, reductions from baseline in DAS28 (ESR) and HAQ-DI scores are shown in the supplementary material available online only.
Figure 1.
Data are for patients originally assigned to abatacept or infliximab and switched to abatacept at year 1. Original placebo group is not shown. (A). Percentage (95% CI) of patients in DAS28 (ESR) LDAS and remission. At year 1, 37.0 (95% CI: 28.6 to 45.4) vs 23.0% (15.9 to 30.1) of abatacept- versus infliximab-treated patients, respectively, achieved LDAS, and 19.7 (12.8 to 26.6) versus 13.3% (7.6 to 19.1) achieved remission. At year 2, 41.7 (95% CI: 32.7 to 50.8) versus 45.2% (36.5 to 53.9) of original abatacept versus infliximab-to-abatacept switch patients, respectively, achieved LDAS, and 26.1 (18.1 to 34.1) versus 28.6% (20.7 to 36.5) achieved remission. (B). Percentage (95% CI) of patients in SDAI LDA and remission. At year 1, 56.2 (95% CI: 47.6 to 64.7) versus 38.5% (30.3 to 46.7) of abatacept- vs infliximab-treated patients, respectively, achieved LDA, and 13.1 (7.3 to 18.9) versus 11.9% (6.4 to 17.3) achieved remission. At year 2, 63.5 (95% CI: 54.7 to 72.3) versus 65.1% (56.8 to 73.4) of original abatacept vs infliximab-to-abatacept switch patients, respectively, achieved LDA, and 21.7 (14.2 to 29.3) versus 24.6% (17.1 to 32.1) achieved remission.
Patient-level clinical efficacy analyses
After 1 year of infliximab treatment, 30.7% of patients were ACR 20 non-responders, and 25.2%, 18.9% and 25.2% achieved ACR 20, 50 and 70 responses, respectively, with 31.2%, 44.8%, 9.6% and 14.4% of patients in high disease activity state, moderate disease activity state (MDAS), LDAS and remission, respectively. Table 1 shows the shifts in ACR responses and DAS28 states for these patients from years 1 to 2.
Safety
Abatacept was generally well tolerated over the cumulative 2-year study period (table 2). Osteoarthritis (five patients) was the only SAE reported in 1% or more of patients, other than worsening of rheumatoid arthritis. Two deaths were reported in the open-label period (respiratory failure and accidental).
Table 2.
Adverse events
| Double-blind period | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Incidence rate (95% CI) | Abatacept*, n=156 | Infliximab*, n=165 | Cumulative 2-year study period† Abatacept, n=399 |
| Mean (range) months of exposure | 11.7 (2.4 – 13.3) | 11.6 (1.9 – 13.1) | 17.2 (1.9 – 26.5) |
| Deaths | 0.7 (0.0 to 3.7) | 1.3 (0.2 to 4.6) | 0.7 (0.2 to 1.8) |
| AE | 326.0 (274.1 to 384.9) | 448.6 (380.6 to 525.3) | 257.5 (231.8 to 285.3) |
| SAE | 11.8 (6.9 to 18.9) | 21.1 (14.2 to 30.1) | 15.2 (12.0 to 19.0) |
| Infections | 99.8 (80.4 to 122.4) | 134.1 (110.6 to 161.1) | 86.2 (76.2 to 97.3) |
| Serious infectious events | 2.0 (0.4 to 5.9) | 9.2 (5.0 to 15.5) | 1.6 (0.7 to 3.1) |
| Opportunistic infections | 0 | 2.6 (0.7 to 6.6) | 0.2 (0.0 to 1.0) |
| Neoplasms‡ | 2.7 (0.7 to 6.9) | 3.2 (1.0 to 7.5) | 2.7 (1.5 to 4.5) |
| Malignant neoplasms | 0.7 (0.0 to 3.7) | 1.3 (0.2 to 4.6) | 0.4 (0.0 to 1.3) |
| Autoimmune symptoms or events | 1.3 (0.2 to 4.8) | 0.6 (0.0 to 3.6) | 1.4 (0.6 to 2.8) |
| Acute infusional AE | 7.7 (3.8 to 13.8) | 32.3 (23.3 to 43.6) | 6.4 (4.5 to 9.0) |
Represents original randomisation group and events experienced in the double-blind period (updated database lock relative to previously published double-blind findings).6
Patients who received at least one infusion of abatacept in the cumulative study period (double-blind or long-term extension), regardless of original randomisation group.
Benign, malignant and unspecified.
incidence rates (IR) are calculated as the number of patients with the event of interest, divided by total exposure (patient-years) during the specified treatment period, multiplied by 100 to provide incidence/100 patient-years of exposure. A patient's contribution to exposure ended at the time of first occurrence of the specific AE.
AE, adverse event; SAE, serious adverse event.
The most common infections (≥10% of patients) were nasopharyngitis, urinary tract infection, upper respiratory tract infection, influenza and pharyngitis; and for serious infections were pneumonia and urinary tract infection (three patients each). There was a single report of latent tuberculosis during the LTE in a patient originally randomly assigned to infliximab, considered severe. The patient had a negative chest x-ray and purified protein derivative (PPD) test at study entry, and a positive PPD test and chronic bronchitis and basal fibrosis on x-ray at month 6 of the LTE; the patient did not discontinue and the event resolved after approximately 1 year.
Two malignancies were reported in the LTE, including basal cell carcinoma in a patient originally randomly assigned to abatacept, which was classified as serious and possibly related to treatment.
All autoimmune events were mild or moderate in intensity; psoriasis was the most frequent event and was reported in three patients.
Acute infusional adverse events occurred in 11 patients originally randomly assigned to infliximab after they switched to abatacept. The most common events (≥1% of patients) were headache, dizziness and nausea.
The IR of adverse events did not increase during abatacept treatment in the LTE for patients treated with infliximab and switched to abatacept at year 1 (291.4 (242.0, 347.9)), compared with that for patients treated with infliximab during the double-blind period (448.6 (380.6, 525.3); table 2). SAE and infections for original infliximab patients were reported at IR of 16.5 (10.1, 25.4) and 96.9 (76.9, 120.4) in the LTE versus 21.1 (14.2, 30.1) and 134.1 (110.6, 161.1) in the double-blind period; serious infections and opportunistic infections at IR of 1.5 (0.2, 5.6) and 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) versus 9.2 (5.0, 15.5) and 2.6 (0.7, 6.6); and acute infusional reactions at IR of 8.9 (4.4, 15.9) versus 32.3 (23.3, 43.6).
Discussion
The ATTEST trial provided an opportunity to assess the efficacy of abatacept over 2 years while concurrently evaluating patients who were switched to abatacept after initial treatment with infliximab. In the original abatacept group, improvements in disease activity achieved by the end of the double-blind period were maintained with continued abatacept treatment through the LTE. For patients switched from infliximab to abatacept at year 1, clinical efficacy benefits were maintained or increased following the switch. Observed efficacy benefits are supported by good retention rates, consistent with previous abatacept experience in this population.11 12
The majority of individual patients who switched to abatacept improved or maintained their treatment response or disease activity level at year 2, regardless of the initial response to infliximab. Many patients who had not achieved a response, or were still in high/moderate disease activity after 1 year of infliximab, achieved a response or improved their disease activity state with abatacept. In addition, the majority of patients achieving ACR 70 responses or DAS28 remission with infliximab maintained this response or state when switched. These data reassure the clinician that a patient treated with infliximab, who has experienced a good clinical response, may expect to have a continued good response with consistent safety if they are switched to abatacept; an important clinical consideration if patients are switched because of safety concerns.
Abatacept was generally safe and well tolerated during this study. Transitioning patients directly from infliximab to abatacept without a washout period did not result in higher overall frequencies of SAE or infections after switching medication, relative to previous double-blind infliximab treatment over 1 year; in particular, incidence rates of serious and opportunistic infections were lower after patients switched to abatacept. These data support previously published findings that demonstrated that switching directly from an anti-TNF to abatacept without a washout period was generally safe and well tolerated.4
The findings presented here should be considered within certain limitations. Efficacy data are based on as-observed analyses, which are vulnerable to dropouts; however, discontinuation rates were relatively low and, therefore, the findings probably provide an accurate representation of the randomly assigned population. It should be noted that the patient-level results reported here are post-hoc analyses, and caution should be used with such data. During the 1-year double-blind period, the infliximab dose could not be increased beyond 3 mg/kg, the recommended dosing regimen at the time of trial design. In the current clinical setting, many physicians use approved higher doses, although there has been extensive debate over the efficacy benefits of such dose escalation13–15 and reports of an increased incidence of infections with higher doses.16 However, the objective of the current study was to assess safety and efficacy in patients who switch to abatacept, regardless of treatment response, and, thus, included patients responding to treatment with infliximab. Therefore, the fact that dose escalation of infliximab was not permitted in the double-blind period should not detract from these findings.
The definition of an ‘inadequate response’ to therapy is changing, with clinical remission a clear therapeutic goal and LDAS an acceptable alternative in patients with long-standing, established disease.17 As such, patients and clinicians now have ever higher expectations of treatment. Physicians may consider switching patients who have achieved only moderate clinical improvements, such as an ACR 20 response or MDAS. The findings presented here suggest that abatacept is a viable treatment option for such patients.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Eve Guichard, Medicus International, for editorial support.
Footnotes
Funding This study was sponsored, and editorial support funded, by Bristol-Myers Squibb.
Competing interests MS, MD and MK have received grant support and consulting fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb. SS has received grant support from Bristol-Myers Squibb. RA, J-CB, MN, MlB and DMR are employees and stock-holders of Bristol-Myers Squibb. CC, AB, SN and CS have no conflict of interest to declare.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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