Table 1.
Host proteins that interact with HDAg.
| Host protein | Proposed Function | References |
|---|---|---|
| Post translational modification | ||
| Casein Kinase II (CKII) | Phosphorylation (S2 and S213) | [22] |
| Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) | Phosphorylation (S177, S180, T182) | [23] |
| Extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) | Phosphorylation (S177) | [24] |
| Protein Kinase C (PKC) a | Phosphorylation (S210) | [22] |
| Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) a | Isoprenylation with farnesyl (C211) | [25–28] |
| Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) | Methylation (R13) | [29] |
| p300 cellular acetyltransferase | Acetylation (K72) | [30,31] |
| Small ubiquitin-related modifier isoform 1 (SUMO1) b | Sumoylation of multiple lysine residues | [32] |
| Ubc9b | Sumoylation of multiple lysine residues | [32] |
| Sub-cellular localization | ||
| karyopherin (importin) 2α | Nuclear import | [33] |
| Nuclear export signal-interacting protein (NESI)a | Nuclear export | [34] |
| Clathrin heavy chaina | Exocytosis | [35,36] |
| Nucleolin (C23) | Nucleolar localization, shuttling, RNA synthesis/accumulation (?) | [37] |
| Nucleophosmin (B23) | Nucleolar localization, shuttling, RNA synthesis/accumulation (?) | [38] |
| RNA synthesis | ||
| RNAP II (Rpb1/2 mobile clamp element) | Genome and mRNA synthesis Antigenome synthesis (?) | [39,40] |
| DRB sensitivity-inducing factor (DSIF) | Relieves transcriptional repression; stimulates elongation by RNAP II | [12] |
| delta interacting protein A | Transcriptional regulation (?) | [41] |
| Yin Yang 1 (YY1) | RNA synthesis/accumulation (?) | [30] |
| Histone H1eb | RNA synthesis/accumulation (?) | [42] |
| Other | ||
| MOV10 | RNA remodelling (?) | [43] |
| Smad3 | Alters host gene expression | [44] |
| c-Jun | Alters host gene expression | [44] |
| TRAF2 | Alters host gene expression | [45] |
(a)
HDAg-L only.
(b)
HDAg-S only.