Figure 3:

Meta-analysis of individual parameters of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) versus healthy controls. (1) Reflux in internal jugular veins or vertebral veins; (2) flow reversal in deep cerebral veins; (3) stenoses of internal jugular vein; (4) flow not detectable in internal jugular veins or vertebral veins; and (5) reverted postural control of main cerebral venous outflow pathway (internal jugular veins). An odds ratio greater than 1.0 indicates an increased likelihood of the parameter being present in MS patients versus controls. CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio.