Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Nucleic Acids Research logoLink to Nucleic Acids Research
. 1985 Jun 25;13(12):4597–4608. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.12.4597

The human apolipoprotein A-II gene: complete nucleic acid sequence and genomic organization.

K J Lackner, S W Law, H B Brewer Jr
PMCID: PMC321808  PMID: 2989800

Abstract

The gene for human apolipoprotein (apo) A-II has been isolated from a human genomic DNA library. The cloned fragment was approximately 14 kilobase-pair (kb) long, and extended about 9.0 kb upstream as well as 3.5 kb downstream from the apoA-II gene, which was contained within a 3.1 kb HindIII fragment of human DNA. The complete nucleic acid sequence of the apoA-II gene has been determined, establishing that the apoA-II gene is interrupted by three intervening sequences of 182, 293, and 395 bp. The second intron is of particular interest, because it contains a 33 bp sequence of alternating G and T residues very close to the 3' splice site which has the potential to form a left handed Z-helix structure in vivo. A restriction fragment length polymorphism 3' from the apoA-II gene has been detected which may serve as a marker for the long arm of chromosome 1 in linkage analyses.

Full text

PDF
4597

Images in this article

4601Image
on p.4601

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Barker W. C., Dayhoff M. O. Evolution of lipoproteins deduced from protein sequence data. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1977;57(4):309–315. doi: 10.1016/0305-0491(77)90060-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bell G. I., Karam J. H., Rutter W. J. Polymorphic DNA region adjacent to the 5' end of the human insulin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Sep;78(9):5759–5763. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.9.5759. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Benoist C., O'Hare K., Breathnach R., Chambon P. The ovalbumin gene-sequence of putative control regions. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 Jan 11;8(1):127–142. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.1.127. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Boguski M. S., Elshourbagy N., Taylor J. M., Gordon J. I. Comparative analysis of repeated sequences in rat apolipoproteins A-I, A-IV, and E. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Feb;82(4):992–996. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.4.992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Breathnach R., Chambon P. Organization and expression of eucaryotic split genes coding for proteins. Annu Rev Biochem. 1981;50:349–383. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.002025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Brewer H. B., Jr, Lux S. E., Ronan R., John K. M. Amino acid sequence of human apoLp-Gln-II (apoA-II), an apolipoprotein isolated from the high-density lipoprotein complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1972 May;69(5):1304–1308. doi: 10.1073/pnas.69.5.1304. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Castelli W. P., Doyle J. T., Gordon T., Hames C. G., Hjortland M. C., Hulley S. B., Kagan A., Zukel W. J. HDL cholesterol and other lipids in coronary heart disease. The cooperative lipoprotein phenotyping study. Circulation. 1977 May;55(5):767–772. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.55.5.767. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dierks P., van Ooyen A., Cochran M. D., Dobkin C., Reiser J., Weissmann C. Three regions upstream from the cap site are required for efficient and accurate transcription of the rabbit beta-globin gene in mouse 3T6 cells. Cell. 1983 Mar;32(3):695–706. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90055-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Docherty K., Steiner D. F. Post-translational proteolysis in polypeptide hormone biosynthesis. Annu Rev Physiol. 1982;44:625–638. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ph.44.030182.003205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Fager G., Wiklund O., Olofsson S. O., Wilhelmsen L., Bondjers G. Multivariate analyses of serum apolipoproteins and risk factors in relation to acute myocardial infarction. Arteriosclerosis. 1981 Jul-Aug;1(4):273–279. doi: 10.1161/01.atv.1.4.273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gordon J. I., Budelier K. A., Sims H. F., Edelstein C., Scanu A. M., Strauss A. W. Biosynthesis of human preproapolipoprotein A-II. J Biol Chem. 1983 Nov 25;258(22):14054–14059. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hamada H., Petrino M. G., Kakunaga T. A novel repeated element with Z-DNA-forming potential is widely found in evolutionarily diverse eukaryotic genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(21):6465–6469. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.21.6465. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Karathanasis S. K., Zannis V. I., Breslow J. L. Isolation and characterization of the human apolipoprotein A-I gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Oct;80(20):6147–6151. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.20.6147. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Kilpatrick M. W., Klysik J., Singleton C. K., Zarling D. A., Jovin T. M., Hanau L. H., Erlanger B. F., Wells R. D. Intervening sequences in human fetal globin genes adopt left-handed Z helices. J Biol Chem. 1984 Jun 10;259(11):7268–7274. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Knott T. J., Priestley L. M., Urdea M., Scott J. Isolation and characterisation of a cDNA encoding the precursor for human apolipoprotein AII. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 May 16;120(3):734–740. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(84)80168-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kostner G. M., Patsch J. R., Sailer S., Braunsteiner H., Holasek A. Polypeptide distribution of the main lipoprotein density classes separated from human plasma by rate zonal ultracentrifugation. Eur J Biochem. 1974 Jun 15;45(2):611–621. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03587.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kunkel L. M., Smith K. D., Boyer S. H., Borgaonkar D. S., Wachtel S. S., Miller O. J., Breg W. R., Jones H. W., Jr, Rary J. M. Analysis of human Y-chromosome-specific reiterated DNA in chromosome variants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Mar;74(3):1245–1249. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.3.1245. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Lackner K. J., Edge S. B., Gregg R. E., Hoeg J. M., Brewer H. B., Jr Isoforms of apolipoprotein A-II in human plasma and thoracic duct lymph. Identification of proapolipoprotein A-II and sialic acid-containing isoforms. J Biol Chem. 1985 Jan 25;260(2):703–706. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Lackner K. J., Law S. W., Brewer H. B., Jr Human apolipoprotein A-II: complete nucleic acid sequence of preproapo A-II. FEBS Lett. 1984 Sep 17;175(1):159–164. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)80590-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Lackner K. J., Law S. W., Brewer H. B., Jr, Sakaguchi A. Y., Naylor S. L. The human apolipoprotein A-II gene is located on chromosome 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Aug 16;122(3):877–883. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(84)91172-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Law S. W., Brewer H. B., Jr Nucleotide sequence and the encoded amino acids of human apolipoprotein A-I mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jan;81(1):66–70. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.1.66. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Law S. W., Gray G., Brewer H. B., Jr cDNA cloning of human apoA-I: amino acid sequence of preproapoA-I. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Apr 15;112(1):257–264. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91824-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Maciejko J. J., Holmes D. R., Kottke B. A., Zinsmeister A. R., Dinh D. M., Mao S. J. Apolipoprotein A-I as a marker of angiographically assessed coronary-artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1983 Aug 18;309(7):385–389. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198308183090701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):499–560. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65059-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Meinkoth J., Wahl G. Hybridization of nucleic acids immobilized on solid supports. Anal Biochem. 1984 May 1;138(2):267–284. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90808-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Moore M. N., Kao F. T., Tsao Y. K., Chan L. Human apolipoprotein A-II: nucleotide sequence of a cloned cDNA, and localization of its structural gene on human chromosome 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Aug 30;123(1):1–7. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(84)90371-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Nishioka Y., Leder P. Organization and complete sequence of identical embryonic and plasmacytoma kappa V-region genes. J Biol Chem. 1980 Apr 25;255(8):3691–3694. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Protter A. A., Levy-Wilson B., Miller J., Bencen G., White T., Seilhamer J. J. Isolation and sequence analysis of the human apolipoprotein CIII gene and the intergenic region between the apo AI and apo CIII genes. DNA. 1984 Dec;3(6):449–456. doi: 10.1089/dna.1.1984.3.449. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Rees A., Shoulders C. C., Stocks J., Galton D. J., Baralle F. E. DNA polymorphism adjacent to human apoprotein A-1 gene: relation to hypertriglyceridaemia. Lancet. 1983 Feb 26;1(8322):444–446. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)91440-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Rich A., Nordheim A., Wang A. H. The chemistry and biology of left-handed Z-DNA. Annu Rev Biochem. 1984;53:791–846. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.53.070184.004043. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Sharpe C. R., Sidoli A., Shelley C. S., Lucero M. A., Shoulders C. C., Baralle F. E. Human apolipoproteins AI, AII, CII and CIII. cDNA sequences and mRNA abundance. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 May 11;12(9):3917–3932. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.9.3917. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Slightom J. L., Blechl A. E., Smithies O. Human fetal G gamma- and A gamma-globin genes: complete nucleotide sequences suggest that DNA can be exchanged between these duplicated genes. Cell. 1980 Oct;21(3):627–638. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90426-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Southern E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol. 1975 Nov 5;98(3):503–517. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80083-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Yousaf S. I., Carroll A. R., Clarke B. E. A new and improved method for 3'-end labelling DNA using [alpha-32P]ddATP. Gene. 1984 Mar;27(3):309–313. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(84)90075-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Nucleic Acids Research are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES