Table 3.
Multilevel models of the black-white difference in census tract percentage non-Hispanic white: Black and white respondents from the 1981, 1991, and 2001 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (standard errors in parentheses)
| Independent Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 84.833*** (0.764) |
88.255*** (0.886) |
85.613*** (1.466) |
77.752*** (1.404) |
| Black | −36.669*** (2.027) |
−41.012*** (2.099) |
−36.367*** (2.534) |
−42.221*** (2.884) |
| Fixed Effects on Black-White Difference | ||||
| Year 1991 (ref. = 1981) | 4.712*** (1.049) |
2.868** (1.066) |
5.914** (2.020) |
|
| Year 2001 (ref. = 1991) | 3.377** (1.098) |
2.961** (1.096) |
4.825** (1.809) |
|
| Individual Characteristics | ||||
| Age 30–39 (ref. = 18–29) | 1.038 (1.201) |
0.847 (1.189) |
||
| Age 40–49 (ref. = 18–29) | −0.707 (1.381) |
−0.787 (1.368) |
||
| Age 50–59 (ref. = 18–29) | −4.903** (1.587) |
−5.154** (1.570) |
||
| Age >60 (ref. = 18–29) | −2.308 (1.663) |
−3.049† (1.646) |
||
| Female (1 = yes) | 0.259 (1.160) |
0.254 (1.148) |
||
| Married (1 = yes) | 2.173† (1.218) |
2.365* (1.205) |
||
| Number of children | −1.049* (0.466) |
−0.963* (0.460) |
||
| Homeowner (1 = yes) | −2.347* (1.073) |
−2.123* (1.059) |
||
| Persons per room | −1.090 (1.427) |
−1.577 (1.409) |
||
| Education (in years) | 0.593*** (0.163) |
0.595 *** (0.161) |
||
| Family income ($1,000s) | 0.092*** (0.015) |
0.088*** (0.015) |
||
| Employed (1 = yes) | 0.728 (1.194) |
0.594 (1.181) |
||
| Metropolitan Characteristics | ||||
| Population size (ln) | −6.431*** (1.801) |
|||
| % non-Hispanic black | −0.615*** (0.176) |
|||
| % Hispanic | 0.258† (0.155) |
|||
| % Asian | −0.159 (0.276) |
|||
| % in poverty | −0.335 (0.371) |
|||
| % of labor force in manufacturing | −0.009 (0.235) |
|||
| % of labor force in local, state, or federal government |
0.593* (0.271) |
|||
| % new housing | 0.125 (0.115) |
|||
| % living in suburban area | 0.052 (0.093) |
|||
| Municipal fragmentation | −13.214† (7.952) |
|||
| Variance Components | ||||
| Level 2: τ00 Random intercept (MSA) | 84.96 | 87.38 | 87.35 | 5.82 |
| Level 2: τ11 Random slope (black) | 414.21 | 398.24 | 344.02 | 189.09 |
| Level 2: τ01 Covariance (intercept, slope) | −24.15 | −19.50 | −23.43 | −15.17 |
| Level 1: σ2 Residual variance | 404.88 | 400.58 | 381.51 | 378.01 |
| Pseudo-R2 Level 2 Intercept | .00 | .00 | .93 | |
| Pseudo-R2 Level 2 Slope | .04 | .14 | .45 | |
| Pseudo-R2 Level 1 Residual | .01 | .05 | .00 | |
| Likelihood Ratio Test χ2 (df) | 850.11*** (2)a | 93.75*** (4) | 455.4*** (24) | 422.06*** (20) |
| Log-Likelihood (df) | −39,048 (6) | −39,001 (10) | −38,773 (34) | −38,562 (54) |
| AIC | 78,107 | 78,021 | 77,614 | 77,232 |
| BIC | 78,150 | 78,092 | 77,855 | 77,614 |
| N | 8,767 | 8,767 | 8,767 | 8,767 |
a
The null model for the likelihood ratio test is a random intercept model only. The two additional degrees of freedom in Model 1 are attributed to a random slope (black, τ11) and the covariance (τ01) between the random intercept and random slope.
†
p < .10
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001