VirR positively regulates the in vitro production of CPA and PFO, but not ETX, by CN3718. (A) PFO activity detection on sheep blood agar plates. Colonies of the wild-type and CN3718::virR(pTS405) complemented strain, but not the CN3718::virR null mutant, are surrounded by an inner zone of PFO-induced beta-hemolysis. (B) Western blot analysis of PFO production by the wild-type, virR null mutant, or complemented strain grown overnight in TGY medium. (C) CPA activity detection on egg yolk agar plate. The wild-type or complementing strain, but not the virR null mutant, showed characteristic CPA-induced precipitation surrounding their colonies when growing on egg yolk agar plates. (D) Western blot analysis of CPA production by the wild-type, virR null mutant, and complemented strain grown overnight in TGY medium. (E) Western blot analyses of ETX production by wild-type CN3718, the virR null mutant, and the complementing strain after 4 h of growth in TGY.