Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm after Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair

Abstract

In treating uncomplicated abdominal aortic aenurysm, endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) has been employed as a good alternative to open repair with low perioperative morbidity and mortality. However, the aneurysm can enlarge or rupture even after EVAR as a result of device failure, endoleak, or graft migration. We experienced two cases of aneurismal rupture after EVAR, which were successfully treated by surgical extra-anatomic bypass.

CASE REPORT

1) Case 1

A sixty-six-year-old male patient visited the emergency room with severe abdominal pain and distension. The patient had received endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) using bifurcated stent graft (S&G Biotech inc., Seongman, Korea), about five years before. The patient had a history of the second endovascular intervention for endoleak due to the separation of the left iliac limb one year after EVAR (Fig. 1A, B). On arrival at the emergency room, his blood pressure was 70/40 mmHg. As the abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed an enlarged abdominal aortic aneurysm with retroperitoneal hematoma (Fig. 1C), an emergency operation was performed. Through median laparotomy the abdominal aorta was dissected, but surgical exposure was difficult because of the massive hematoma. After Supra-celiac aortic clamping was done, removal of the implanted stent graft was attempted. However, the proximal bare part of the stent, which was firmly incorporated into the aortic wall by neointimalization, could not be retrieved. Because bleeding from the aorta was so severe on the attempt for stent retrieval and bowl ischemia was suspected due to supraceliac clamping of the aorta, extra-anatomic bypass grafting was contemplated as a salvage procedure. After the stent was cut inside the aorta, infrarenal portion of the aorta were oversewn and supraceliac aortic clamp was released for bowl reperfusion. Two proximal portions of the common iliac arteries were also oversewn, and left axillo-femoral and femorofemoral bypass was performed using a ring reinforced 8mm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts (Gore-Tex, USA). After adequate circulation to the both feet was checked, he was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) in a critical condition. During the postoperative course, he developed acute renal failure and continuous renal replacement therapy was performed. He stayed at the ICU for eight days, and he could be discharged without any further complications at postoperative day 41. The graft patency is has been well maintained for 24 months of follow-up (Fig. 1D).

Fig. 1.

Case 1: (A) Contrast extravasation of the left limb of stent graft (Type III endoleak). (B) A completion angiogram after additional stent graft deployment. (C) Abdominal CT showing the enlarged abdominal aortic aneurysm and retroperitoneal hematoma. (D) CT angiography showing patent axillo-bifemoral bypass graft one month after the operation. CT=Computerized tomography.

2) Case 2

A seventy-three-year-old male patient presented with severe abdominal pain and hypotension. He underwent EVAR about four years ago using a straight stent graft (S&G Biotech inc., Seongman, Korea) (Fig. 2A). He had histories of hypertension and coronary artery disease. Because his blood pressure was 60/40 mmHg and abdominal CT showed ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (Fig. 2B), an emergency operation was performed. When he arrived in the operating room, his systolic blood pressure was checked at 40 mmHg. To maintain the cerebral and systemic perfusion, cardiopulmonary bypass was used commenced by cannulating the right femoral vein and the right axillary artery. After median laparotomy incision was made under the cardiopulmonary bypass, the aorta was dissected and clamped below the renal arteries. Because the stent graft could not be completely removed and collapsed remnant of the stent graft hindered the inflow anastomosis to a prosthetic graft, the infrarenal aorta and openings of both common iliac arteries were oversewn for extra-anatomic bypass grafting. After cardiopulmonary bypass was discontinued and laparotomy wound was closed, axillo-bifemoral bypass was performed using a ring reinforced 8mm PTFE graft (Gore-Tex, USA). He was transferred to the intensive care unit in a critical condition. He was supported by a mechanical ventilator for 12 days and transferred to the general ward in a stable state at postoperative day 15. CT angiography checked one month after the surgery showed good flow through the bypass graft (Fig. 2C).

Fig. 2.

Case 2: (A) An angiogram after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. (B) Abdominal CT showing the ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm after EVAR. (C) CT angiography showing patent axillo-bifemoral bypass graft one month after the operation. CT=Computerized tomography; EVAR=Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair.

DISCUSSION

Since the first report of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) by Parodi in 1991 [1], EVAR has been replacing the open repair in most of the patients with favorable anatomic features because of lower perioperative morbidity and mortality than the latter [2,3].

However, the complications of EVAR such as device failure, endoleak, and graft migration may require a conversion to open repair or lead to aneurysm enlargement or rupture. Verzini et al. [4] reported that 4.5% patients required open repair during a median follow-up of 38 months. Harris et al. [5] reported an annual cumulative risk of 2.1% for conversion to open repair in the EUROSTAR registry.

Furthermore, open surgical repair after EVAR usually turns out to be more risky than the primary open repair. In the literatures, the mortality rates were reported to be as high as 20% [5,6]. The authors speculated that high mortality and morbidity may be related to the presence of the endograft which makes dissection difficult, and the need for suprarenal or supraceliac aortic cross clamping.

We performed axillo-bifemoral bypass in two cases. This procedure is much easier to perform than abdominal aortic surgery, and can be applied to patients with risk factors such as severe heart disease, chronic renal failure, severe pulmonary dysfunction, and severe obesity. In our cases, one patient showed left kidney atrophy on preoperative CT, and the other patient had a history of coronary artery disease. We think that the extra-anatomic bypass alleviated the risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality thanks to the shortening of aortic cross clamping time. Because the collapsed stent graft made it difficult to perform proximal inflow anastomosis, extra-anatomic bypass was thought to be a safer option than time-consuming conventional aortoiliac graft interposition. Long-term patency of the axillofemoral grafts, however, is to be closely followed up.

Halpern et al. [7] reported that loss of consciousness is a preceding sign of mortality in patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). When AAA ruptures, an independent risk factor associated with immediate mortality is the hemodynamic instability of the patients [8]. Because preoperative vital signs of our second patient were very unstable, we decided to use cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to maintain the cerebral perfusion and systemic circulation. The employment of CPB might be helpful as a life-saving measure for the patient who shows ruptured AAA with unstable vital signs.

In conclusion, we could successfully treat the patients with EVAR-related AAA rupture by extra-anatomic bypass grafting, with or without the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass. We think that the options for post-EVAR aneurysm rupture should include a conversion to extra-anatomic bypass, because performing a salvage procedure is safer than sticking to anatomic repair. Using CPB also could be helpful in case of critically ill patients with ruptured AAA.