Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The Texas Heart Institute Journal logoLink to The Texas Heart Institute Journal
. 1996;23(2):128–143.

Magnetic resonance imaging in congenital heart disease in children.

A E Schlesinger 1, R J Hernandez 1
PMCID: PMC325327  PMID: 8792544

Full text

PDF
128

Images in this article

130Image
on p.130
131Image
on p.131
132Image
on p.132
133Image
on p.133
134Image
on p.134
135Image
on p.135
136Image
on p.136
136Image
on p.136
137Image
on p.137
137Image
on p.137
138Image
on p.138
139Image
on p.139

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aebert H., Laas J., Bednarski P., Koch U., Prokop M., Borst H. G. High incidence of aneurysm formation following patch plasty repair of coarctation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1993;7(4):200–205. doi: 10.1016/1010-7940(93)90159-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ala-Kulju K., Heikkinen L. Aneurysms after patch graft aortoplasty for coarctation of the aorta: long-term results of surgical management. Ann Thorac Surg. 1989 Jun;47(6):853–856. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(89)90018-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ala-Kulju K., Järvinen A., Maamies T., Mattila S., Merikallio E. Late aneurysms after patch aortoplasty for coarctation of the aorta in adults. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983 Oct;31(5):301–306. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1022001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bank E. R., Aisen A. M., Rocchini A. P., Hernandez R. J. Coarctation of the aorta in children undergoing angioplasty: pretreatment and posttreatment MR imaging. Radiology. 1987 Jan;162(1 Pt 1):235–240. doi: 10.1148/radiology.162.1.2947263. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bank E. R., Hernandez R. J. CT and MR of congenital heart disease. Radiol Clin North Am. 1988 Mar;26(2):241–262. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bank E. R. Magnetic resonance of congenital cardiovascular disease. An update. Radiol Clin North Am. 1993 May;31(3):553–572. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Beek F. J., Beekman R. P., Dillon E. H., Mali W. P., Meiners L. C., Kramer P. P., Meyboom E. J. MRI of the pulmonary artery after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. Pediatr Radiol. 1993;23(5):335–340. doi: 10.1007/BF02011950. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Blackwell G. G., Pohost G. M. The usefulness of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Curr Probl Cardiol. 1994 Mar;19(3):117–175. doi: 10.1016/0146-2806(94)90025-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bogren H. G., Klipstein R. H., Mohiaddin R. H., Firmin D. N., Underwood S. R., Rees R. S., Longmore D. B. Pulmonary artery distensibility and blood flow patterns: a magnetic resonance study of normal subjects and of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am Heart J. 1989 Nov;118(5 Pt 1):990–999. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(89)90235-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bromberg B. I., Beekman R. H., Rocchini A. P., Snider A. R., Bank E. R., Heidelberger K., Rosenthal A. Aortic aneurysm after patch aortoplasty repair of coarctation: a prospective analysis of prevalence, screening tests and risks. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 Sep;14(3):734–741. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90119-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Burrows P. E., Freedom R. M., Rabinovitch M., Moes C. A. The investigation of abnormal pulmonary arteries in congenital heart disease. Radiol Clin North Am. 1985 Dec;23(4):689–717. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Buser P. T., Auffermann W., Holt W. W., Wagner S., Kircher B., Wolfe C., Higgins C. B. Noninvasive evaluation of global left ventricular function with use of cine nuclear magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 May;13(6):1294–1300. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90304-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Canter C. E., Gutierrez F. R., Mirowitz S. A., Martin T. C., Hartmann A. F., Jr Evaluation of pulmonary arterial morphology in cyanotic congenital heart disease by magnetic resonance imaging. Am Heart J. 1989 Aug;118(2):347–354. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(89)90196-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Canter C. E., Gutierrez F. R., Molina P., Hartmann A. F., Jr, Spray T. L. Noninvasive diagnosis of right-sided extracardiac conduit obstruction by combined magnetic resonance imaging and continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991 Apr;101(4):724–731. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Caputo G. R., Suzuki J., Kondo C., Cho H., Quaife R. A., Higgins C. B., Parker D. L. Determination of left ventricular volume and mass with use of biphasic spin-echo MR imaging: comparison with cine MR. Radiology. 1990 Dec;177(3):773–777. doi: 10.1148/radiology.177.3.2243988. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Choe Y. H., Lee H. J., Kim H. S., Ko J. K., Kim J. E., Han J. J. MRI of total anomalous pulmonary venous connections. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1994 Mar-Apr;18(2):243–249. doi: 10.1097/00004728-199403000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Choi Y. H., Park J. H., Choe Y. H., Yoo S. J. MR imaging of Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994 Sep;163(3):539–543. doi: 10.2214/ajr.163.3.8079839. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Clarkson P. M., Brandt P. W., Barratt-Boyes B. G., Rutherford J. D., Kerr A. R., Neutze J. M. Prosthetic repair of coarctation of the aorta with particular reference to Dacron onlay patch grafts and late aneurysm formation. Am J Cardiol. 1985 Aug 1;56(4):342–346. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(85)90861-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Cranney G. B., Lotan C. S., Dean L., Baxley W., Bouchard A., Pohost G. M. Left ventricular volume measurement using cardiac axis nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Validation by calibrated ventricular angiography. Circulation. 1990 Jul;82(1):154–163. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.82.1.154. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Davis C. P., McKinnon G. C., Debatin J. F., Wetter D., Eichenberger A. C., Duewell S., von Schulthess G. K. Normal heart: evaluation with echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology. 1994 Jun;191(3):691–696. doi: 10.1148/radiology.191.3.8184048. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Didier D., Higgins C. B., Fisher M. R., Osaki L., Silverman N. H., Cheitlin M. D. Congenital heart disease: gated MR imaging in 72 patients. Radiology. 1986 Jan;158(1):227–235. doi: 10.1148/radiology.158.1.3940387. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Dinsmore R. E., Wismer G. L., Guyer D., Thompson R., Liu P., Stratemeier E., Miller S., Okada R., Brady T. Magnetic resonance imaging of the interatrial septum and atrial septal defects. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985 Oct;145(4):697–703. doi: 10.2214/ajr.145.4.697. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Doherty N. E., 3rd, Fujita N., Caputo G. R., Higgins C. B. Measurement of right ventricular mass in normal and dilated cardiomyopathic ventricles using cine magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol. 1992 May 1;69(14):1223–1228. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90940-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Dulce M. C., Higgins C. B. Evaluation of ventricular dimensions and function with magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Card Imaging. 1994 Apr;8(2):168–180. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Dulce M. C., Mostbeck G. H., Friese K. K., Caputo G. R., Higgins C. B. Quantification of the left ventricular volumes and function with cine MR imaging: comparison of geometric models with three-dimensional data. Radiology. 1993 Aug;188(2):371–376. doi: 10.1148/radiology.188.2.8327680. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Dulce M. C., Mostbeck G. H., O'Sullivan M., Cheitlin M., Caputo G. R., Higgins C. B. Severity of aortic regurgitation: interstudy reproducibility of measurements with velocity-encoded cine MR imaging. Radiology. 1992 Oct;185(1):235–240. doi: 10.1148/radiology.185.1.1523315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Edelman R. R., Wielopolski P., Schmitt F. Echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology. 1994 Sep;192(3):600–612. doi: 10.1148/radiology.192.3.8058920. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Foo T. K., Bernstein M. A., Aisen A. M., Hernandez R. J., Collick B. D., Bernstein T. Improved ejection fraction and flow velocity estimates with use of view sharing and uniform repetition time excitation with fast cardiac techniques. Radiology. 1995 May;195(2):471–478. doi: 10.1148/radiology.195.2.7724769. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Friese K. K., Dulce M. C., Higgins C. B. Airway obstruction by right aortic arch with right-sided patent ductus arteriosus: demonstration by MRI. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1992 Nov-Dec;16(6):888–892. doi: 10.1097/00004728-199211000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Geva T., Vick G. W., 3rd, Wendt R. E., Rokey R. Role of spin echo and cine magnetic resonance imaging in presurgical planning of heterotaxy syndrome. Comparison with echocardiography and catheterization. Circulation. 1994 Jul;90(1):348–356. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.90.1.348. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Hardy C. E., Helton G. J., Kondo C., Higgins S. S., Young N. J., Higgins C. B. Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating great-vessel anatomy after arterial switch operation for D-transposition of the great arteries. Am Heart J. 1994 Aug;128(2):326–332. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(94)90486-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Hartnell G. G., Finn J. P., Zenni M., Cohen M. C., Dupuy D. E., Wheeler H. G., Longmaid H. E., 3rd MR imaging of the thoracic aorta: comparison of spin-echo, angiographic, and breath-hold techniques. Radiology. 1994 Jun;191(3):697–704. doi: 10.1148/radiology.191.3.8184049. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Jaffe R. B. Magnetic resonance imaging of vascular rings. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 1990 Jun;11(3):206–220. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Katz M. E., Glazer H. S., Siegel M. J., Gutierrez F., Levitt R. G., Lee J. K. Mediastinal vessels: postoperative evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology. 1986 Dec;161(3):647–651. doi: 10.1148/radiology.161.3.3786711. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kersting-Sommerhoff B. A., Seelos K. C., Hardy C., Kondo C., Higgins S. S., Higgins C. B. Evaluation of surgical procedures for cyanotic congenital heart disease by using MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990 Aug;155(2):259–266. doi: 10.2214/ajr.155.2.2115248. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Kilner P. J., Firmin D. N., Rees R. S., Martinez J., Pennell D. J., Mohiaddin R. H., Underwood S. R., Longmore D. B. Valve and great vessel stenosis: assessment with MR jet velocity mapping. Radiology. 1991 Jan;178(1):229–235. doi: 10.1148/radiology.178.1.1984310. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kilner P. J., Firmin D. N., Rees R. S., Martinez J., Pennell D. J., Mohiaddin R. H., Underwood S. R., Longmore D. B. Valve and great vessel stenosis: assessment with MR jet velocity mapping. Radiology. 1991 Jan;178(1):229–235. doi: 10.1148/radiology.178.1.1984310. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Kleinman P. K., Spevak M. R., Nimkin K. Left-sided esophageal indentation in right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery. Radiology. 1994 May;191(2):565–567. doi: 10.1148/radiology.191.2.8153342. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Kondo C., Caputo G. R., Semelka R., Foster E., Shimakawa A., Higgins C. B. Right and left ventricular stroke volume measurements with velocity-encoded cine MR imaging: in vitro and in vivo validation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991 Jul;157(1):9–16. doi: 10.2214/ajr.157.1.2048544. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Maddahi J., Crues J., Berman D. S., Mericle J., Becerra A., Garcia E. V., Henderson R., Bradley W. Noninvasive quantification of left ventricular myocardial mass by gated proton nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987 Sep;10(3):682–692. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(87)80213-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Mahboubi S., Meyer J. S., Hubbard A. M., Harty M. P., Weinberg P. M. Magnetic resonance imaging of airway obstruction resulting from vascular anomalies. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1994 Jan;28(2-3):111–123. doi: 10.1016/0165-5876(94)90002-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Manning W. J., Atkinson D. J., Parker J. A., Edelman R. R. Assessment of intracardiac shunts with gadolinium-enhanced ultrafast MR imaging. Radiology. 1992 Aug;184(2):357–361. doi: 10.1148/radiology.184.2.1620828. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Martinez J. E., Mohiaddin R. H., Kilner P. J., Khaw K., Rees S., Somerville J., Longmore D. B. Obstruction in extracardiac ventriculopulmonary conduits: value of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging with velocity mapping and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Aug;20(2):338–344. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90099-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Masui T., Seelos K. C., Kersting-Sommerhoff B. A., Higgins C. B. Abnormalities of the pulmonary veins: evaluation with MR imaging and comparison with cardiac angiography and echocardiography. Radiology. 1991 Dec;181(3):645–649. doi: 10.1148/radiology.181.3.1947075. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Matsuda T., Yamada H., Kida M., Sasayama S. Is 300 msec too long for cardiac MR imaging? Feasibility study demonstrating changes in left ventricular cross-sectional area with use of single-shot turboFLASH imaging. Radiology. 1994 Feb;190(2):353–362. doi: 10.1148/radiology.190.2.8284381. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Messmer B. J., Minale C., Mühler E., von Bernuth G. Surgical correction of coarctation in early infancy: does surgical technique influence the result? Ann Thorac Surg. 1991 Sep;52(3):594–603. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(91)90954-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Mirowitz S. A., Lee J. K., Gutierrez F. R., Brown J. J. Magnetic resonance imaging of congenital heart disease. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 1990 Mar;2(2):49–60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Mohiaddin R. H., Kilner P. J., Rees S., Longmore D. B. Magnetic resonance volume flow and jet velocity mapping in aortic coarctation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Nov 1;22(5):1515–1521. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90565-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Mohiaddin R. H., Longmore D. B. Functional aspects of cardiovascular nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Techniques and application. Circulation. 1993 Jul;88(1):264–281. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.88.1.264. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Mohiaddin R. H., Underwood R., Romeira L., Anagnostopoulos C., Karwatowski S. P., Laney R., Somerville J. Comparison between cine magnetic resonance velocity mapping and first-pass radionuclide angiocardiography for quantitating intracardiac shunts. Am J Cardiol. 1995 Mar 1;75(7):529–532. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80600-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Mohiaddin R. H., Yang G. Z., Kilner P. J. Visualization of flow by vector analysis of multidirectional cine MR velocity mapping. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1994 May-Jun;18(3):383–392. doi: 10.1097/00004728-199405000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Mühler E. G., Neuerburg J. M., Rüben A., Grabitz R. G., Günther R. W., Messmer B. J., von Bernuth G. Evaluation of aortic coarctation after surgical repair: role of magnetic resonance imaging and Doppler ultrasound. Br Heart J. 1993 Sep;70(3):285–290. doi: 10.1136/hrt.70.3.285. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Niwa K., Uchishiba M., Aotsuka H., Tateno S., Tashima K., Fujiwara T., Matsuo K. Magnetic resonance imaging of heterotaxia in infants. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Jan;23(1):177–183. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90517-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Parks W. J., Ngo T. D., Plauth W. H., Jr, Bank E. R., Sheppard S. K., Pettigrew R. I., Williams W. H. Incidence of aneurysm formation after Dacron patch aortoplasty repair for coarctation of the aorta: long-term results and assessment utilizing magnetic resonance angiography with three-dimensional surface rendering. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Jul;26(1):266–271. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00127-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Pennington D. G., Liberthson R. R., Jacobs M., Scully H., Goldblatt A., Daggett W. M. Critical review of experience with surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1979 Feb;77(2):217–229. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Pflugfelder P. W., Landzberg J. S., Cassidy M. M., Cheitlin M. D., Schiller N. B., Auffermann W., Higgins C. B. Comparison of cine MR imaging with Doppler echocardiography for the evaluation of aortic regurgitation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989 Apr;152(4):729–735. doi: 10.2214/ajr.152.4.729. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Pflugfelder P. W., Sechtem U. P., White R. D., Cassidy M. M., Schiller N. B., Higgins C. B. Noninvasive evaluation of mitral regurgitation by analysis of left atrial signal loss in cine magnetic resonance. Am Heart J. 1989 May;117(5):1113–1119. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(89)90870-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Pinzon J. L., Burrows P. E., Benson L. N., Moës C. A., Lightfoot N. E., Williams W. G., Freedom R. M. Repair of coarctation of the aorta in children: postoperative morphology. Radiology. 1991 Jul;180(1):199–203. doi: 10.1148/radiology.180.1.2052694. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Rebergen S. A., Helbing W. A., van der Wall E. E., Maliepaard C., Chin J. G., de Roos A. MR velocity mapping of tricuspid flow in healthy children and in patients who have undergone Mustard or Senning repair. Radiology. 1995 Feb;194(2):505–512. doi: 10.1148/radiology.194.2.7824733. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Reed J. D., Jr, Soulen R. L. Cardiovascular MRI: current role in patient management. Radiol Clin North Am. 1988 May;26(3):589–606. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Rees S., Firmin D., Mohiaddin R., Underwood R., Longmore D. Application of flow measurements by magnetic resonance velocity mapping to congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1989 Oct 15;64(14):953–956. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90854-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Sakuma H., Fujita N., Foo T. K., Caputo G. R., Nelson S. J., Hartiala J., Shimakawa A., Higgins C. B. Evaluation of left ventricular volume and mass with breath-hold cine MR imaging. Radiology. 1993 Aug;188(2):377–380. doi: 10.1148/radiology.188.2.8327681. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Sampson C., Kilner P. J., Hirsch R., Rees R. S., Somerville J., Underwood S. R. Venoatrial pathways after the Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries: anatomic and functional MR imaging. Radiology. 1994 Oct;193(1):211–217. doi: 10.1148/radiology.193.1.8090893. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Schlesinger A. E., Mendeloff E., Sharkey A. M., Spray T. L. MR of right aortic arch with mirror-image branching and a left ligamentum arteriosum: an unusual cause of a vascular ring. Pediatr Radiol. 1995;25(6):455–457. doi: 10.1007/BF02019065. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Sechtem U., Pflugfelder P. W., Cassidy M. M., White R. D., Cheitlin M. D., Schiller N. B., Higgins C. B. Mitral or aortic regurgitation: quantification of regurgitant volumes with cine MR imaging. Radiology. 1988 May;167(2):425–430. doi: 10.1148/radiology.167.2.3357951. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Semelka R. C., Tomei E., Wagner S., Mayo J., Kondo C., Suzuki J., Caputo G. R., Higgins C. B. Normal left ventricular dimensions and function: interstudy reproducibility of measurements with cine MR imaging. Radiology. 1990 Mar;174(3 Pt 1):763–768. doi: 10.1148/radiology.174.3.2305059. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Shapiro E. P. Evaluation of left ventricular hypertrophy by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Card Imaging. 1994 Oct;8(4):310–315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Sieverding L., Jung W. I., Klose U., Apitz J. Noninvasive blood flow measurement and quantification of shunt volume by cine magnetic resonance in congenital heart disease. Preliminary results. Pediatr Radiol. 1992;22(1):48–54. doi: 10.1007/BF02011608. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Simpson I. A., Valdes-Cruz L. M., Berthoty D. P., Powell J. B., Hesselink J. R., Chung K. J., Sahn D. J. Cine magnetic resonance imaging and color Doppler flow mapping in infants and children with pulmonary artery bands. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Jun 15;71(16):1419–1426. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90603-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Soulen R. L., Donner R. M., Capitanio M. Postoperative evaluation of complex congenital heart disease by magnetic resonance imaging. Radiographics. 1987 Sep;7(5):975–1000. doi: 10.1148/radiographics.7.5.3454035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Steffens J. C., Bourne M. W., Sakuma H., O'Sullivan M., Higgins C. B. Quantification of collateral blood flow in coarctation of the aorta by velocity encoded cine magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 1994 Aug;90(2):937–943. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.90.2.937. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Theissen P., Kaemmerer H., Sechtem U., Luhmer I., Smolarz K., Kallfelz H. C., Schicha H. Magnetic resonance imaging of cardiac function and morphology in patients with transposition of the great arteries following Mustard procedure. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991 Dec;39 (Suppl 3):221–224. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1020023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Underwood S. R., Gill C. R., Firmin D. N., Klipstein R. H., Mohiaddin R. H., Rees R. S., Longmore D. B. Left ventricular volume measured rapidly by oblique magnetic resonance imaging. Br Heart J. 1988 Sep;60(3):188–195. doi: 10.1136/hrt.60.3.188. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Underwood S. R., Klipstein R. H., Firmin D. N., Fox K. M., Poole-Wilson P. A., Rees R. S., Longmore D. B. Magnetic resonance assessment of aortic and mitral regurgitation. Br Heart J. 1986 Nov;56(5):455–462. doi: 10.1136/hrt.56.5.455. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. VOSSSCHULTE K. Isthmusplastik zur Behandlung der Aortenisthmusstenose. Thoraxchirurgie. 1957 Feb;4(5):443–450. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Vogel M., Stern H., Bauer R., Bühlmeyer K. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with cross-sectional echocardiography in the assessment of left ventricular mass in children without heart disease and in aortic isthmic coarctation. Am J Cardiol. 1992 Apr 1;69(9):941–944. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90797-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Wetter D. R., McKinnon G. C., Debatin J. F., von Schulthess G. K. Cardiac echo-planar MR imaging: comparison of single- and multiple-shot techniques. Radiology. 1995 Mar;194(3):765–770. doi: 10.1148/radiology.194.3.7862976. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. von Schulthess G. K., Higashino S. M., Higgins S. S., Didier D., Fisher M. R., Higgins C. B. Coarctation of the aorta: MR imaging. Radiology. 1986 Feb;158(2):469–474. doi: 10.1148/radiology.158.2.3941875. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Texas Heart Institute Journal are provided here courtesy of Texas Heart Institute

RESOURCES