Abstract
Background
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Rikkunshito on ghrelin secretion and on cisplatin-induced anorexia in humans.
Methods
The study was performed as a crossover design, and ten unresectable or relapsed gastric cancer patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (n = 5) was started on Rikkunshito (2.5 g three times daily, orally) from the first course of chemotherapy and followed by a second course without Rikkunshito. A treatment with reversed order was performed for Group B (n = 5). All patients received combined chemotherapy with S-1 plus cisplatin. The primary endpoint was the amount of oral intake, and the categories of scales of anorexia, nausea, and vomiting; secondary endpoints included the plasma concentration of acylated ghrelin.
Results
In the Rikkunshito-on period, no decrease of the plasma concentration of acylated ghrelin induced by cisplatin was observed. The average oral intake in the Rikkunshito-on period was significantly larger than that in the Rikkunshito-off period, and the grade of anorexia was significantly lower in the Rikkunshito-on period than in the Rikkunshito-off period.
Conclusion
Rikkunshito appeared to prevent anorexia induced by cisplatin, resulting in effective prophylactic administration of chemotherapy with cisplatin, and patients could continue their treatments on schedule.
Keywords: Rikkunshito, cisplatin, ghrelin, anorexia, stomach cancer
Introduction
Combined chemotherapy with S-1 plus cisplatin is an attractive chemotherapy regimen for gastric cancer. A previous Phase I/II trial of this regimen in metastatic gastric cancer reported a high response rate of 76% and acceptable toxicity.1 Recently, a Phase III Japanese trial of chemotherapeutic regimens for metastatic gastric cancer (SPIRITS trial) demonstrated that S-1 plus cisplatin led to significantly longer median overall survival than S-1 alone (13 months versus 11 months).2 Cisplatin is widely used in various chemotherapies, but undesirable side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and anorexia, markedly affect the quality of life of patients and may make the continuation of chemotherapy difficult. While some antiemetic agents have been introduced as treatment for nausea and vomiting,3,4 appetite loss is still present in many cancer patients. However, the mechanism of the resulting appetite loss during chemotherapy is not thoroughly understood.
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor; it consists of 28 amino acids and is secreted mainly from the stomach.5 Ghrelin is known to have an intense appetite-enhancing effect in addition to a growth hormone secretion-promoting effect.6 Ghrelin is the only hormone that exhibits an orexigenic effect following peripheral administration.7 In addition, ghrelin exhibits a variety of actions, including stimulation of growth hormone secretion, gastric motility, and gastric acid secretion,8 as well as induction of a positive energy balance.9 The level of plasma ghrelin is thought to be related to gastrointestinal disorders, and ghrelin has been administered to patients with anorexia-related disorders as a new therapy.10 However, the intravenous and repeated administration of ghrelin presented a considerable burden for the patients.
Rikkunshito, a traditional Japanese medicine, is used to treat various gastrointestinal tract disorders, such as functional dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux, dyspeptic symptoms of post-gastrointestinal surgery, and chemotherapy-induced nausea.11–13 Takeda et al14 showed that a flavonoid in Rikkunshito suppressed a cisplatin-induced decrease in plasma acylated ghrelin levels and increased food intake in rats, and was mediated by serotonin (5-HT2B and 5-HT2C) receptors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Rikkunshito on ghrelin secretion and on cisplatin-induced anorexia in humans.
Materials and methods
Patient eligibility
Eligible patients had histologically proved unresectable or recurrent gastric cancer. Up to one regimen of prior chemotherapy was allowed (adjuvant chemotherapy was allowed provided that at least 28 days had elapsed since the last treatment), except for prior treatment with cisplatin.
Other inclusion criteria were as follows: age 20–75 years; Eastern Clinical Oncology Group performance status 0–1; estimated life expectancy more than 3 months; a white blood cell count between 4000 and 12,000 mm3; an absolute neutrophil count of over 2000 mm3, a platelet count of over 100,000 mm3, and a hemoglobin level of over 8.0 g/dL; aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels within two times the upper limit of normal for the institution; serum bilirubin level less than 1.5 mg/dL; serum creatinine level within the upper limit of the normal value for the institution; 24-hour creatinine clearance more than 50 mL/minute; and a normal electrocardiogram. Only patients who could swallow tablets were eligible. Patients were excluded if they had brain metastases, severe comorbid conditions, active double cancers, or a past history of drug allergy or were unable to comply with the protocol requirements. Pregnant women were also excluded. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients before study entry.
Treatment design
The study was performed as a crossover design because of the limited number of patients (Figure 1). Ten patients were randomly divided into two groups. The gender, age, tumor characteristics, and performance status of these 10 patients are listed in Table 1. Group A (n = 5) was started on Rikkunshito from the first course of chemotherapy followed by a second course of chemotherapy without Rikkunshito. Treatment with reversed order was performed for Group B (n = 5). Patients in the intervention period took Rikkunshito (Tsumura Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) at a daily dose of 7.5 g (2.5 g three times daily, orally) before every meal through chemotherapy from days 1 to 21. On the other hand, patients in the control period took nothing. All patients received combined chemotherapy with S-1 plus cisplatin as follows. S-1 (Taiho Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) was given orally twice daily after meals at a fixed dose of 80 mg/m2/day for 21 consecutive days followed by a 14-day rest period; this cycle was repeated every 5 weeks. The dose of S-1, decided on the basis of body surface area (BSA), was 80 mg (BSA <1.25 m2), 100 mg (BSA 1.25–1.5 m2), or 120 mg (BSA ≥ 1.5 m2). Cisplatin (Landa™, Nippon Kayaku Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) was administered intravenously on day 8. All patients received 16 mg of dexamethasone and 3 mg of granisetron intravenously one hour before cisplatin infusion and 8 mg of dexamethasone on days 9 and 10. The initially administered dose of cisplatin was 60 mg/m2. Blood samples were obtained from each patient before the administration of cisplatin on day 8 and 3 hours after the administration of cisplatin was finished. The primary endpoint was the amount of oral intake, and the categories of the scales of anorexia, nausea, and vomiting; secondary endpoints included the plasma concentration of acylated ghrelin.
Figure 1.
Crossover study design. Patients in group A initially took oral Rikkunshito before every meal for 3 weeks (on treatment). After a rest period of 2 weeks, Rikkunshito was discontinued for 3 weeks (off treatment). Conversely, patients in group B initially were off treatment for 3 weeks and then on treatment for 3 weeks after the rest period.
Table 1.
Background of patients
| Patient | Age (years) | Sex | Tumor | PS | Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 55 | M | Recurrent | 1 | A |
| 2 | 61 | F | Unresectable | 0 | A |
| 3 | 67 | M | Recurrent | 0 | B |
| 4 | 71 | M | Unresectable | 0 | A |
| 5 | 52 | M | Unresectable | 1 | A |
| 6 | 72 | M | Recurrent | 0 | B |
| 7 | 50 | F | Unresectable | 1 | B |
| 8 | 62 | M | Unresectable | 0 | B |
| 9 | 67 | M | Recurrent | 1 | A |
| 10 | 61 | M | Unresectable | 0 | B |
Abbreviation: PS, performance status.
Measurement of acylated ghrelin
The blood samples were collected before and 3 hours after the administration of cisplatin. The sample collecting time was determined on the basis of our unpublished experimental data from dogs. The plasma samples for acylated ghrelin were promptly centrifuged at 4°C, and the supernatants were acidified with 1 mol/L HCl (1/10 volume), frozen, and kept below 40°C until measurement. The acylated ghrelin level was determined using the active ghrelin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (SCETI Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan).
Definition of response
Following administration of cisplatin, each patient was hospitalized and monitored by direct observation and patient interview for 5 days. The amount of oral intake of each meal was observed and scored by 11 stages from 0 to 10 by nurses, and the average oral intake during 5 days was calculated and analyzed. Categories of the scales for anorexia, nausea, and vomiting were graded according to the National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria, version 3.0.15 We defined the time to treatment failure as the period between the time that administration of cisplatin was finished and the time that vomiting or dry vomiting occurred or the time of administration of the antiemetic.
Statistical analysis
The results were expressed as the mean ± the standard error of the mean. The Student’s t-test was used to test for the significance of differences between groups. For the comparison of time to treatment failure between two groups, the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method and log-rank test were used. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical calculations were performed using StatView® software (version 5.0, Abacus Concepts Inc, Berkeley, CA).
Results
Plasma concentration of acylated ghrelin
In the Rikkunshito-off period, the average concentration of plasma acylated ghrelin 3 hours after the administration of cisplatin decreased from that before administration of cis-platin, but the difference was not significant. On the other hand, in the Rikkunshito-on period, no decrease in plasma concentration of acylated ghrelin was observed between before and after administration (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Plasma concentration of acylated ghrelin. In the Rikkunshito-on period (Rikkunshito [+]), no decrease of plasma concentration of acylated ghrelin was observed before and after administration.
Abbreviation: NS, not significant.
Amount of oral intake
The average oral intake in the Rikkunshito-on period was significantly larger than that in the Rikkunshito-off period (6.29 versus 3.94, P = 0.0496, Figure 3). This tendency was similarly seen in group A and group B, and neither an order effect nor a carry-over effect was seen.
Figure 3.
Comparison of the amount of oral intake. The average oral intake in the Rikkunshito-on period was significantly larger than that in the Rikkunshito-off period.
Note: *P = 0.0496.
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting
The grade of anorexia (0–4) was significantly lower in the Rikkunshito-on period than in the Rikkunshito-off period (1.2 versus 2.2, P = 0.0441, Figure 4). No order effect or carry-over effect was seen. The difference in the grade of nausea (0–3) was not significant, although the grade in the Rikkunshito-on period tended to be lower (Figure 5). The difference in grade of vomiting (0–4) was not significant (Figure 6).
Figure 4.
Comparison of the grade of anorexia. The grade of anorexia (0–4) was significantly lower in the Rikkunshito-on period than in the Rikkunshito-off period.
Note: *P = 0.0441.
Figure 5.
Comparison of the grade of nausea. The difference in the grade of nausea (0–3) was not significant.
Abbreviation: NS, not significant.
Figure 6.
Comparison of the grade of vomiting. The difference in the grade of vomiting (0–4) was not significant.
Abbreviation: NS, not significant.
Time to treatment failure
The number of cases of treatment failure in the Rikkunshito-off period was nine, whereas that in the Rikkunshito-on period was five. However, the difference was not significant (Figure 7).
Figure 7.
Kaplan–Meier curves of time to treatment failure. The number of cases of treatment failure in the Rikkunshito-off period was nine, whereas that in the Rikkunshito-on period was five.
Abbreviation: NS, not significant.
Toxicity
Pseudohyperaldosteronism and hepatic toxicity have been reported as side effects of Rikkunshito. We assessed hypertension, edema, hypokalemia, and transaminitis. These events did not appear for either the Rikkunshito-on or the Rikkunshito-off period, and all patients were able to complete the examination.
Discussion
Ghrelin has been measured in patients with various diseases, for example, functional dyspepsia,16 breast cancer, colon cancer,17 and hepatocellular carcinoma,18 and the relationship between the disease and the level of ghrelin has been assessed. Garcia et al19 reported that plasma ghrelin levels were higher in cachectic patients than in noncachectic ones, suggesting that an increase in the plasma ghrelin level might be related to secondary loss of appetite in patients. The plasma ghrelin level in patients with obesity was low, and the decrease in body weight was proportional to increasing ghrelin levels.20 The ghrelin level of patients with anorexia nervosa was reported to be high.21 It remains controversial whether the plasma ghrelin level of patients with functional dyspepsia increases or decreases.22,23 Akamizu et al24 experimented with the administration of ghrelin in patients with functional dyspepsia; their results showed that daily food intake tended to increase in comparison with intake before and after completion of treatment. However, the difference was not significant. The hunger sensation was reported to be significantly elevated. It is certain that ghrelin is related to appetite; however, the manner in which it affects appetite and food intake remains unclear.
Rikkunshito is a traditional Japanese medicine (Kampo) that is widely used for treating upper gastrointestinal symptoms, such as decreased gastric motility after surgery11 and chronic idiopathic dyspepsia,12 and its beneficial effects have been shown. Rikkunshito contains mixed raw herbs in the following ratios: JP Atractylodes lancea rhizome 4.0 g, JP Ginseng 4.0 g, JP Pinellia tuber 4.0 g, JP Poria sclerotium 4.0 g, JP Jujube 2.0 g, JP Citrus unshiu peel 2.0 g, JP Glycyrrhiza 1.0 g, and JP Ginger 0.5 g. Rikkunshito has been approved for medicinal use by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare, although the mechanism by which Rikkunshito alleviates upper gastrointestinal symptoms has not been clarified. Recently, Rikkunshito was used in combination with granisetron to alleviate the side effects of anticancer drugs, without affecting their efficacy.12 Decreased gastric motility and decreased appetite as a result of surgery, anticancer drugs, and functional dyspepsia may be caused by a decreased plasma ghrelin level25,26 or ghrelin function. In clinical applications, Rikkunshito is particularly effective against functional dyspepsia,11 and its efficacy is also supported by basic research in rats with a delayed gastric emptying function.27 Matsumura et al28 reported that Rikkunshito significantly increased the plasma acylated ghrelin level in healthy volunteers and normal mice, and the ghrelin mRNA expression level in the stomach was upregulated in mice. These findings suggest the possibility that Rikkunshito affects the secretion or function of ghrelin.
Takeda et al14 reported that Rikkunshito suppresses a cisplatin-induced decrease in the plasma level of ghrelin, a hormone that stimulates gastrointestinal motility and food intake in rats. Heptomethoxyflavone, hesperidin, and isoliquiritigenin, the flavonoids in Rikkunshito, are reported to be responsible for a 5HT2B antagonistic effect and restoration of the plasma level of ghrelin.
In the present study, in the Rikkunshito-off period, the average concentration of plasma acylated ghrelin after administration decreased from that before administration, but the difference was not significant. On the other hand, in the Rikkunshito-on period, a decrease of plasma concentration of acylated ghrelin was not observed before nor after administration (Figure 2). This result does not contradict the findings of Takeda et al. Rikkunshito might restore the plasma level of ghrelin.
The average oral intake in the Rikkunshito-on period was significantly larger than that in the Rikkunshito-off period (Figure 3), and the grade of anorexia was significantly lower in the Rikkunshito-on period than that in the Rikkunshito-off period (Figure 4). These results might also indicate the effect of restoration of ghrelin. On the other hand, the differences in the grade of nausea, vomiting, and time to treatment failure between the two groups were not significant (Figures 5, 6, and 7). Nausea and vomiting are reactions mainly related to 5HT3 receptors, and the relationship with ghrelin might be minimal.
In summary, Rikkunshito might prevent anorexia induced by cisplatin; thus, prophylactic administration was effective in chemotherapy with cisplatin, and patients could continue their treatment on schedule. This is the first report demonstrating the beneficial effects of Rikkunshito in the treatment of cisplatin therapy in humans. A limitation of the present study is the small number of patients. It will be necessary to confirm the usefulness of Rikkunshito by performing larger randomized controlled studies in the future.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
References
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