Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction After Retrograde Approach for Chronic Total Occlusion of Coronary Artery: Demonstrated by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract

A retrograde approach through the collateral channels was recently proposed as one of the most promising current techniques for percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusion in coronary arteries (CTO). This report describes the case of a 68-year-old man in whom CTO was successfully crossed with a wire by the retrograde approach using septal collateral, but the patient suffered from a complication with septal myocardial infarction demonstrated by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

Introduction

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of chronic total occlusion in coronary arteries (CTO) has a lower success rate than PCI of nonoccluded coronary stenosis.¹⁾,²⁾ A retrograde approach through the collateral channels was recently proposed as one of the most promising current techniques for PCI of CTO.³⁾,⁴⁾ Especially, the septal collaterals would be the preferred retrograde access route.⁵⁾ We present a case in which CTO was successfully crossed with a wire by the retrograde approach using septal collateral, but the patient suffered from a complication with septal myocardial infarction demonstrated by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Case

A 68-year-old male patient underwent elective coronary angiography for exertional chest pain (the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Functional Class II) since last one year. Coronary angiography showed CTO lesion in the ostium of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) with collateral flow (grade III) from the right coronary artery (RCA), and 70% stenosis of the proximal left circumflex artery (Fig. 1A and B). Cardiac MRI showed no delayed enhancement, and preserved left ventricular function (Fig. 2A).

Fig. 1.

Baseline left coronary angiography showed CTO lesion in the ostium of LAD (A). Right coronary angiography showed septal collateral from the RCA to LAD (B and C). Selective angiography using a microcatheter showed septal collateral (D). The guidewire was successfuly replaced from the RCA to LAD (E). Final coronary angiography showed successful result (F). LAD: left anterior descending artery, CTO: chronic total occlusion, RCA: right coronary artery.

Fig. 2.

Pre-procedural cardiac MRI showed no evidence of delayed enhancement (A). Post-procedural cardiac MRI showed new delayed enhuncement in the septal area (B). A: Pre-PCI: normal MRI. B: Post-PCI: microinfarction as indicated by circles. PCI: percutaneous coronary interrention.

Retrograde approach was planned because difficulty in wiring was expected without a visible stump at the ostium of the LAD and large left main coronary artery. Two 7 Fr guiding catheters, including short-tip AL1 (Amplatz, Cordis, Miami Lake, FL, USA) for the RCA and XB 3.5 (Cordis, Miami Lake, FL, USA) for the left coronary artery were engaged in the right and left femoral arteries, respectively (Fig. 1C). Fielder FC wire (Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA, USA) through FineCross™ Micro-Guide Catheter (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) was successfully inserted into the collateral artery and LAD subsequently, and was exchanged to a Miracle 3 wire (Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA, USA). It passed through the totally occluded segment. After dilatation of the septal artery with 1.25 mm Sprinter® Legend (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA), a microcatheter was advanced into the left guiding catheter (Fig. 1D) and the guidewire was replaced with 300 cm of 0.014 inch guidewire, which traveled and captured onto Y-connector of the contralateral catheter (Fig. 1E). The totally occluded segment was dilated with a 1.25 mm balloon, followed by a 2.0 mm balloon dilatation. The guidewire was antegradely reinserted through the dilated lesion down to the distal LAD. A 3.0×33 mm Cypher stent (Cordis, USA) was successfully implanted in the CTO lesion (Fig. 1F). The procedure was conducted for 85 minutes using 350 mL of contrast agent (Visipaque®).

The patient complained of chest pain during the procedure, particularly after microcatheter insertion into the septal artery. Several large septal collateral arteries were available, and LAD flow was maintained during the procedure. TIMI 3 flow was maintained in the wired septal artery after the procedure. Chest pain completely disappeared in about 30 minutes after the procedure. Post-procedural peak CK-MB level was 109 ng/mL at 12 hours. Cardiac MRI, 5 days after the procedure showed new delayed enhancement in the septal area (Fig. 2B). The standard treatment using dual antiplatelet agents was applied for the septal infarction.

Discussion

The retrograde approach is considered to be one of the most promising techniques to facilitate the success rate of PCI for CTO lesions.⁵⁾ For patients with CTO who have well-developed collaterals, switching to a retrograde approach could be a treatment option, especially when there is difficulty in crossing the lesion with an antegrade wire.

Because the retrograde approach requires an intercoronary channel between donor and recipient collateral artery, which enables to reach the distal CTO site retrogradely, CTO-operators should decide on the intercoronary channel to be ch-osen; epicardial collaterals or septal collaterals.⁵⁾,⁶⁾ Epicardial collaterals of a moderate size are present in about 50% of CTOs and those collaterals are often very tortuous. Also, bleeding secondary to perforation of an epicardial collateral could be difficult to stop. By contrast, septal collaterals are more frequently seen and less tortuous than others.⁶⁾ Moreover, the access route is shorter than the other routes and lies intramuscularly. Most importantly, only the septal channel is dilatable, therefore the septal channel is considered as the most suitable access route for a retrograde approach to CTOs, although the septal channel was dissected and complicated with periprocedural MI in our case.

Despite the retrograde approach being a novel technique for CTO lesions, it might potentially be accompanied with several unexpected complications; ischemic complications due to thrombus formation or from any damage to the collateral routes, or dissection of the proximal part of the donor artery.⁷⁾ In order to reduce this occurrence, excessive forceful attempts to cross a hydrophilic guidewire or a catheter through septal branch should be avoided and careful manipulation is required.

In conclusion, this case suggests that the retrograde approach using septal collateral as access route can cause myocardial infarction of the collateral territory and cardiac MRI can demonstrate this complication.