Table 1.
Characteristics of a representative sample of Thai adults by gendera.
| Variables | Men (n = 3,170) | Women (n = 3,275) | p- value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 40.7 ± 17.2 | 40.8 ± 16.6 | 0.885 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.1 ± 3.4 | 23.1 ± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| Overweight, BMI ≥ 23.0 kg/m2 | 35.0 (33.3, 36.7) | 44.9 (43.2, 46.6) | <0.001 |
| Education Levels | <0.001 | ||
| Basic | 53.2 (51.5, 55.0) | 59.3 (57.6, 61.0) | |
| Secondary | 39.0 (37.3, 40.7) | 32.1 (30.5, 33.7) | |
| High | 7.8 (6.8, 8.7) | 8.6 (7.6, 9.6) | |
| Places of Residence | 0.921 | ||
| Rural | 43.8 (42.1, 45.6) | 43.9 (42.2, 45.6) | |
| Urban | 56.2 (54.5, 57.9) | 56.1 (54.4, 57.8) | |
| Annual Household income ($) | 3332.4 ± 3134.0 | 3212.3 ± 3130.2 | 0.130 |
| Currently Smoking (%) | 43.0 (41.3, 44.7) | 3.8 (3.1, 4.4) | <0.001 |
| Any Alcohol Consumption (%) | 11.5 (10.4, 12.6) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | <0.001 |
| Dietary Daily Intake | |||
| Total Energy (kcal) | 1597.4 ± 636.0 | 1320.0 ± 556.6 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 241.2 ± 110.7 | 199.1 ± 93.6 | <0.001 |
| Protein (g) | 60.97 ± 28.5 | 51.4 ± 26.4 | <0.001 |
| Fat (g) | 40.4 ± 27.1 | 35.1 ± 24.4 | <0.001 |
| Food Groups (serving sizes) | |||
| Rice and Starchy Foods | 9.5 ± 5.7 | 8.0 ± 4.7 | <0.001 |
| Vegetables | 6.2 ± 5.2 | 6.1 ± 5.0 | 0.549 |
| Fruits | 5.0 ± 4.8 | 5.0 ± 4.3 | 0.512 |
| Dairy | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
| Meat | 13.2 ± 11.6 | 11.4 ± 9.7 | <0.001 |
aValues are means ± SD or proportions (95% confidence interval), as appropriate for the variables. P-values for the difference in variables based on chi-square test or an independent sample t-test as appropriate.