Abstract
Background:
Homocysteinemia has been established as a risk factor for cardiovascular disorders by the American Heart Association.1 Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) is presently ranked as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine homocysteine and folate levels and some basic hematologic parameters in patients who sustain a cerebrovascular accident and those who do not.
Methodology:
In total, 100 participants were recruited, comprising 40 clinically diagnosed stroke (hemorrhagic or thromboembolic) patients and 60 healthy control subjects. Plasma homocysteine and folate levels were measured. Anticoagulated whole blood samples were evaluated for hemoglobin concentration (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC) count, and mean cell volume (MCV).
Results:
The mean age of stroke patients was 62 ± 12 years and that of controls was 55 ± 18 years (P = 0.1756). Mean plasma homocysteine levels for stroke patients and controls were 17.7 ± 4.4 μmol/L and 9.5 ± 2.4 μmol/L, respectively (P = 0.0000) and mean plasma folate levels for the groups were 6.5 ± 2.9 μg/dL and 4.0 ± 2.4 μg/dL (P = 0.0407). The MCV for stroke patients was significantly higher than that for controls (85 fl versus 82 fl, P = 0.04). Mean homocysteine levels correlated inversely with Hb and PCV (r = −0.08 and r = −0.122, respectively) and weakly with WBC (P = 0.125).
Conclusion:
Homocysteinemia is a major predictor of cerebrovascular accident in the black Nigerian population.
Keywords: homocysteinemia, folate, cerebrovascular accident
Introduction
Homocysteine is an amino acid in the blood. Epidemiologic studies have shown that elevated plasma homocysteine is related to a higher risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.1 Other evidence suggests that homocysteine may have an effect on atherosclerosis by damaging the inner lining of arteries and promoting blood clots.2 Plasma homocysteine levels are strongly influenced by diet, as well as by genetic factors. The dietary components with the greatest effects are folic acid and vitamin B6 and B12. Folic acid and other B vitamins help break down homocysteine in the body.3 Several studies have found that higher blood levels of B vitamins are related, at least in part, to lower concentrations of homocysteine. Other recent evidence shows that low blood levels of folic acid are linked to a higher risk of fatal coronary heart disease and stroke. However, many studies still give conflicting reports of the association between plasma folate levels and increasing plasma homocysteine levels. Most of the relevant published data are for Caucasians, and there is a paucity of data for black populations, especially in Nigeria where nutritional deficiencies have been well documented in a large proportion of the population.4,5
With an upsurge in reported cases of cardiovascular disease and related mortality, it has become important to determine plasma homocysteine levels as a possible predictive index of the risk of developing cardiovascular disorders.4
Homocysteine testing may be useful in checking the overall risk of heart disease for people with a strong personal or family history of heart disease but who do not have other risk factors that can be controlled, such as smoking or high blood pressure. Homocysteine testing may also be useful for people who have early heart disease but no known risk factors and for people who have had unexplained deep vein thrombosis or stroke.1
Materials and methods
Study location
The study was carried out at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, and at the Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, both located in Lagos State, South West Nigeria. These centers are the peak tertiary referral health institutions in the state. The entire patient cohort seen with high blood pressure within a two-month period of data collection and who had had a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) were selected for this study.
Study population and inclusion criteria
There were 100 participants in this study, comprising 40 clinically diagnosed stroke patients (all hospital admissions) recruited over a period of two months and presenting primarily with blood pressure readings above 140/90 mmHg, hemiparesis, and loss of consciousness, and with no other documented history of chronic systemic disorders. Sixty clinically stable, age- and gender-matched control subjects were selected randomly from people coming to the hospital outpatient clinic for voluntary routine blood pressure check-up and urinalysis as a control group. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Ethical Committee of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, and verbal consent was obtained from all participants in the study.
Sample collection and processing
Two venous nonfasting 4.5 mL blood samples were drawn from each subject, put into anticoagulant tubes containing sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and heparin, and immediately placed in an ice pack cooler. Plasma obtained after centrifugation at 3000 rpm was stored. A homocysteine assay was done, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, Diazyme Laboratories, La Jolla, CA). Folate levels were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hematologic parameters, including hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC) count, and mean cell volume (MCV) were obtained from the sodium EDTA anticoagulated blood sample using the automated Coulter cell counter (Advia 60, France).6
Homocysteine values were read off at a wavelength of 380 nm (ultraviolet), and the actual concentration of plasma homocysteine was extrapolated from the standard curve. Folate values were read off the measured areas of the chromatograph, and actual concentration was estimated on the calibration curve obtained with the standards.
Statistical analysis
Data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS version 11 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Quantitative variables were expressed as means ± standard deviation. Relationships were subjected to the student t-test and associations verified by Chi-square and Pearson correlation coefficient.
Results
The mean age of controls compared well with the mean age of the stroke patients (62 ± 12 years and 58 ± 18 years, respectively, P = 0.1756), as shown in Table 1. The mean value of homocysteine was 17.7 ± 4.4 μmol/L in the stroke patients, and this was significantly higher than for controls (9.5 ± 2.4 μmol/L, P = 0.0001). The mean value of serum folate was higher among the stroke patients than in controls (6.5 ± 2.9 and 4.0 ± 2.4, respectively, P = 0.0407).
Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of study participants
| Variables | Study group F (%) | Control group F (%) | P value (t-test) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | 28 (70) | 40 (67) | |
| Female | 12 (30) | 20 (33) | |
| Total | 40 (100) | 60 (100) | |
| Mean age | 62 ± 12 years | 58 ± 18 years | 0.1756 |
There was no significant difference in the mean values of Hb, PCV, and WBC count for stroke patients and controls (P = 0.5144, P = 0.1784, and P = 0.3356, respectively). Mean values for homocysteine did not correlate well with Hb, PCV, or WBC count between stroke patients and controls (r = −0.08, −0.122, and 0.125, respectively). However, the MCV for stroke patients (85 fl) was higher than for controls (82 fl, P = 0.04).
High mean plasma homocysteine levels (>10 μmol/L) correlated well with the occurrence of stroke, with 88% of stroke patients having levels above 10 μmol/L (P = 0.00001). Mean folate levels were higher in the stroke patients. Table 4 shows a higher association of stroke with a plasma folate level below 6 μg/L (P = 0.037).
Table 4.
Association between high plasma folate and occurrence of stroke*
| Group | Plasma folate (>6 μg/L) n (%) | Plasma folate (<6 μg/L) n (%) | Total | Chi-square | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stroke patients | 18 (45.0) | 22 (55.0) | 40 | ||
| Controls | 15 (25) | 45 (75) | 60 | ||
| Total | 32 (100) | 68 (100) | 100 | 4.34 | 0.037 |
Note:
Odds ratio = 2.45
Discussion
Of the 40 stroke patients who participated in our study, 70% (n = 28) were males and 30% (n = 12) were females. A previous study by Andrew et al2 showed no significant difference in gender prevalence of homocysteinemia. Mean homocysteine levels for both male and female participants in this study were 18.2 μmol/L and 17.1 μmol/L, respectively (P = 0.217). The majority of our stroke patients were elderly (mean age 62 ± 12 years), corresponding well with the controls (mean age 58 ± 18 years, P = 0.1756). Mean values for plasma homocysteine in the stroke patients (17.7 ± 4.4 μmol/L) were significantly higher than that in controls (9.5 ± 2.4 μmol/L). This finding is consistent with results obtained by Nura et al3 in Maiduguri, Northern Nigeria, who recorded a mean plasma homocysteine level of 20.8 μmol/L and 13.1 μmol/L for stroke patients and controls, respectively.
The literature is replete with information on the association between high plasma homocysteine levels and stroke incidence. In a study of stroke in the elderly, Andrew et al2 concluded that nonfasting hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for the incidence of stroke in this age group. Interestingly, their study failed to find this association in Finnish men, an indication of possible geographical variations in the incidence of hyperhomocysteinemia. In a study of adults with stroke in Gombe, Northern Nigeria, Glew et al4 showed no significant difference in plasma homocysteine levels of stroke patients and controls, although 85% of the stroke patients had plasma homocysteine levels above 10 μmol/L.4,5 Homocysteine induces oxidant damage of vascular endothelium, and thus increases the incidence of atherosclerosis and disturbance of normal hemostasis. Our study calculated an odds ratio of 14 as shown in Table 3, an indication that a homocysteine level above 10 μmol/L is a significant risk factor for stroke (P = 0.0001). Mean plasma folate in the stroke patients was significantly higher than that in controls (6.5 ± 2.9 μg/L versus 4.0 ± 2.4 μg/L, P = 0.0407). This finding is at variance with other studies in which lower plasma folate levels were found.6–9 In a study of homocysteine in pregnant women, Megahad and Thahor9 reported a negative correlation between plasma folate and plasma homocysteine levels.9 However, the high level of plasma folate reported in this study may be iatrogenic, because virtually all the stroke patients were taking folate supplements. This position is further supported by the fact that the occurrence of stroke in our patients was significantly associated with plasma folate levels below 6 μg/L (P = 0.037, odds ratio 2.45). Moreover, the mean MCV of our stroke patients was significantly higher than that in the control group (85 ± 4.8 fl versus 82 ± 2.9 fl, P = 0.04). This implies the existence of a subtle folate deficiency prior to the occurrence of stroke in these patients. However, no significant differences were observed between the mean values of Hb, PCV, and WBC count in our stroke patients and controls (0.1784 and 0.3356, respectively, P = 0.5144), and the mean values of homocysteine correlated inversely, albeit weakly, with the Hb and PCV of the study group (r = −0.08 and −0.122, respectively) and very weakly with the WBC of the study group (r = 0.125). This finding is consistent with a previous observation by Haddad et al.10
Table 3.
Relationship between high homocysteine values and occurrence of stroke*
| Groups | Plasma homocysteine (>10 μmol/L) n (%) | Plasma homocysteine (<10 μmol/) n (%) | Total | Chi-square | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stroke patients | 35 (87.5) | 5 (12.5) | 40 | ||
| Controls | 20 (33.3) | 40 (66.7) | 60 | ||
| Total | 55 (100) | 45 (100) | 100 | 28.45 | 0.00001 |
Note:
Odds ratio = 14
The low Hb and hematocrit values observed in both stroke patients and controls suggests the possibility of protein malnutrition, which has been correlated with hyperhomocysteinemia in other research in African populations.11
Conclusion
The results of our study indicate that folate deficiency alone might not explain high levels of homocysteine in blacks with cardiovascular disorders, and future studies evaluating protein and calorie malnutrition in this population are necessary.
Table 2.
Mean values (±SD) of measured hematological parameters, plasma homocysteine and folate in both control and study groups
| Measured parameters | Study group | Control group | P value (t-test) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hb (g/dL) | 11.6 ± 2.3 | 12.1 ± 1.6 | 0.5144 |
| PCV (%) | 34.6 ± 7.1 | 36.6 ± 4.8 | 0.1784 |
| WBC (cells × 109/L) | 5893 ± 263.5 | 5142 ± 510 | 0.3356 |
| MCV (fl) | 85 ± 4.8 | 82 ± 2.9 | 0.04 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | 17.7 ± 4.4 | 9.5 ± 2.4 | 0.0000 |
| Folate (μg/L) | 6.5 ± 2.9 | 4.0 ± 2.4 | 0.0407 |
Abbreviations: Hb, hemoglobin; PCV, packed cell volume; SD, standard deviation; WBC, white blood cell count; MCV, mean cell volume.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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