Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The aim of this study was to compare outcomes of open reduction and rigid internal fixation of displaced calcaneal fractures with that of non operative treatment.
METHODS:
Seventy two consecutive patients with displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures were selected regarding inclusive and exclusive criteria and then were randomly allocated to surgical and non surgical groups. First group underwent open reduction and internal fixation with reconstruction plate and screws fixation and the other group were treated with closed reduction and cast immobilization. Data were collected by clinical observation and a check list. Data was analyzed by chi-square and student's t-test.
RESULTS:
The results showed significant difference between outcomes of surgical treatment and nonsurgical method (p = 0.001). There were some differences between two methods in terms of decreasing pain [Odd Ratio (OR): 6.72, p = 0.001], swelling (OR: 6.80, p = 0.001), increased range of motion of the joints (p = 0.001), decreased late osteoarthritis (OR: 2.33, p = 0.22) in favor of surgical group.
CONCLUSIONS:
Open reduction and internal fixation of displaced calcaneal fractures in absence of open fracture, severe osteoporosis, or comminution, poor general condition may be the preferred method of treatment.
KEYWORDS: Calcaneal Fracture, Reconstruction Plate, Rigid Internal Fixation, Open Reduction
Incidence of calcaneal fractures is highly increasing due to falling from height, motor and car accidents.1,2 Because of many complications and handicaps after these fractures, there is a need for new attention to prevent these disabilities.1,3,4 High velocity trauma including car accidents and falling is the major cause of calcaneal Fractures.1–4 75% of calcaneal fractures are intra-articular and 25% are extra-articular.1 As a rule, treatment of displaced intra-articular fractures is by open reduction and rigid internal fixation.2–4 Calcaneal fractures include two percent of adult fractures and 60% of tarsal fractures.1,5
Most of calcaneal fractures are in young adult men.1,6–8 Axial load in falling is the most common mechanism of fractures. In such mechanism, talus is forced download and excessive load will fails calcaneus and reduces bohler angle.1 Using computerized tomography (C.T. scanning), Sander classified calcaneal fractures in four groups according to the fracture lines, medial, lateral and central body of calcaneus and subtalar joint involvement (Figure 1).6–9
Figure 1.
Sander's classification of calcaneal fractures
Goals of treatment of calcaneal fractures are:
Restoration of congruency of the posterior facet of subtalar joint (Figure 2).
Restoration of the height of the calcaneus (Bohler angle).
Reduction of the width of the calcaneus (Figure 3).
Decompression of the subfibular space available for peroneal tendons.
Realignment of the tuberosity fragment into normal valgus position.
Figure 2.
Radiologic classification and mechanism of fractures
Figure 3.
Normal Bohler Angle
Although there have been some research evidences showing open reduction is preferred method for treating calcaneal fractures, majority of orthopedic surgeons are clinically ambivalent to use this procedure because of some complications such as post operative infections, wound dehiscence, malreductions and long term osteoarthritis.
Methods
This study was a controlled clinical trial aiming to compare the outcomes of open reduction and rigid internal fixation of displaced calcaneal fractures with that of non operative treatment. The research proposal of this study was approved by research department of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Also the protocol of study was approved by ethical committee. During ten years, from December 1998 until January 2009, 72 patients with displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures admitted in Kashani University Hospital and were randomly allocated to surgical and non surgical groups. First group underwent open reduction and internal fixation with reconstruction plate and screws fixation and the other group were treated with closed reduction and cast immobilization.1–3 Data were collected by clinical observation and a questionnaire six months following surgery.
Some reasons that patients were not selected for surgery were as follows: patient disagreement with surgery, open fractures (not suitable for open reduction internal fixation), combined injuries (Head trauma, cardiovascular disorders, severe osteoporosis...) also were not suitable for surgery1,7–9 and severe comminution.
Post-operative exam after two weeks, one month, three months, six months and one year was recorded. The questionnaire was completed just after 6 months. Roentgenography was obtained and physical examination including pain scoring, swelling, limitation of activities, shoe wearing difficulties, range of motion and osteoarthritis in ankle and subtalar joints as well as patient satisfaction were also scored and recorded. Functional scoring based on Kerr's meta-analysis and pain scoring was used.11–21 Data were analyzed by SPSS 18 software. The chi-square test was used.
Results
Seventy two patients with mean age 49 years (21-84 years old) were included. Eleven patients were excluded from the study (Unable to follow up after Hospital discharge). Eventually, 61 cases of calcaneal fractures enrolled and were also followed-up for averagely 3 years. Thirty one patients underwent operation and 30 cases had conservative treatment. Patients in operation group sub-classified in two categories: First group comprised of 17 cases with Essex-Lopresti technique (under fluoroscopy-X-ray control, closed reduction, internally fixed with pin fixation, and cast immobilization).22 Second group consisted of 14 cases with open reduction with lateral calcaneal approach and fixation with reconstruction plate (Figure 4). All patients in surgery group received intravenous antibiotic 2-4 days after operation. Ambulation with crutch walking and non-weight bearing continued for 6-10 weeks after surgery.
Figure 4.
Lateral calcaneal approach with exostosectomy
Thirty cases had non-surgical treatment, with splinting, ice pack, elevation the limb, then short leg cast and ambulation with crutch walking and non weight bearing. In non-surgery group ambulation with crutches started 3 days after casting and cast was removed after 6 weeks and physical therapy, home exercises and partial weight bearing was recommended.
Bilateral calcaneal fractures were detected in 11 patients. None of surgically treated patients had post operative infection. The findings regarding the comparison between two groups for different variables are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Fracture classification (Sander’s)
In post operation examinations, range of motion of ankle in both groups were good (more than 50% of R.O.M) but in subtalar joints decreased range of motion in non-operative group compared to operative group was obtained (Odds Ratio: 6.75, p = 0.002 ). Last X-Ray examinations showed that traumatic osteoarthritis (Degenerative Joint Disease) in non-operative group was a major problem (26% compared to 9% in operative group). Shoe fitting difficulties was also a major problem (50% in non-operative compared with 12% in operative group).18
Pain in walking was 63% in conservative group compared to 29% in operative group (Odds Ratio: 6.72, p = 0.001).21,22 Swelling in ankle and foot, reflex sympathetic dystrophy including focal osteoporosis and or spotty osteoporosis in non operative group was twice more than operative group (6 cases versus 3 cases; Odds Ratio: 6.80, p = 0.001) (Table 2).
Table 2.
Treatment outcomes
Discussion
Our findings showed that open reduction and internal fixation of displaced calcaneal fractures in absence of open fracture, severe osteoporosis, or comminution and poor general condition may be the preferred method of treatment. Although surgical treatment of calcaneal fractures has recently received attention owing to good results and less morbidities,1–3,9–11 most of orthopaedic surgeons prefer to treat them conservatively, probably because of many complications including post operative infections, wound dehiscence, malreductions and long term osteoarthritis. Most of calcaneal fractures are intra-articular and displaced. On the other hand, many of these fractures have ecchymosis, swelling, and blister which increase risk of open reduction and internal fixations (fracture- blister).14
Thornes et al.15 showed that surgically treated calcaneal fractures have better prognosis compared with those conservatively treated. Burdeaux's work also showed that shoe fitting and weight bearing difficulties were less in those underwent operation.16 Pain in daily living activities were dramatically less in patients with open reduction and internal fixation, and range of motion in ankle and subtalar joints were desirable.17–20
Conclusion
Open reduction and internal fixation of displaced calcaneal fractures in absence of open fracture, severe osteoporosis, or comminution, poor general condition may be the preferred method of treatment. Young and middle aged patients with calcaneal fracture who are in Sander's type II and III with mild comminution due to minor trauma, without soft tissue injuries may be the best candidates for open reduction and internal fixation.
Authors’ Contributions
MHN and FMM participated in the design study, conduct the study and prepared the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Footnotes
Conflict of Interests Authors have no conflict of interests.
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