Abstract
The identification of left handed or Z-DNA in solutions of poly d(GC) in high salt suggests that left handed DNA may exist in biological systems if stabilized at lower ionic strength. In the present study we show that binding of polyarginine to the Z form of poly d(GC) results in a protein-Z-DNA complex stable near physiological ionic strength. The percentage of Z-DNA in the low salt polyarginine-poly d(GC) complex was measured from the DNA circular dichroism spectrum. The ratio of Z to B-DNA is a linear function of polyarginine concentration and is sensitive to proteolytic digestion by trypsin. These results suggest that arginine-rich proteins may stabilize Z-DNA in vivo.
Full text
PDFSelected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Arnott S., Chandrasekaran R., Birdsall D. L., Leslie A. G., Ratliff R. L. Left-handed DNA helices. Nature. 1980 Feb 21;283(5749):743–745. doi: 10.1038/283743a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Behe M., Felsenfeld G. Effects of methylation on a synthetic polynucleotide: the B--Z transition in poly(dG-m5dC).poly(dG-m5dC). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Mar;78(3):1619–1623. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.3.1619. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Crawford J. L., Kolpak F. J., Wang A. H., Quigley G. J., van Boom J. H., van der Marel G., Rich A. The tetramer d(CpGpCpG) crystallizes as a left-handed double helix. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jul;77(7):4016–4020. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.4016. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drew H. R., Dickerson R. E. Conformation and dynamics in a Z-DNA tetramer. J Mol Biol. 1981 Nov 15;152(4):723–736. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90124-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drew H., Takano T., Tanaka S., Itakura K., Dickerson R. E. High-salt d(CpGpCpG), a left-handed Z' DNA double helix. Nature. 1980 Aug 7;286(5773):567–573. doi: 10.1038/286567a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Helene C. Specific recognition of guanine bases in protein-nucleic acid complexes. FEBS Lett. 1977 Feb 15;74(1):10–13. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80740-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kłysik J., Stirdivant S. M., Larson J. E., Hart P. A., Wells R. D. Left-handed DNA in restriction fragments and a recombinant plasmid. Nature. 1981 Apr 23;290(5808):672–677. doi: 10.1038/290672a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Leng M., Felsenfeld G. The preferential interactions of polylysine and polyarginine with specific base sequences in DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1966 Oct;56(4):1325–1332. doi: 10.1073/pnas.56.4.1325. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mansy S., Engstrom S. K., Peticolas W. L. Laser Raman identification of an interaction site on DNA for arginine containing histones in chromatin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1976 Feb 23;68(4):1242–1247. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(76)90330-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mitra C. K., Sarma M. H., Sarma R. H. Left-handed deoxyribonucleic acid double helix in solution. Biochemistry. 1981 Mar 31;20(7):2036–2041. doi: 10.1021/bi00510a046. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Patel D. J., Canuel L. L., Pohl F. M. "Alternating B-DNA" conformation for the oligo(dG-dC) duplex in high-salt solution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Jun;76(6):2508–2511. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.6.2508. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pohl F. M., Jovin T. M. Salt-induced co-operative conformational change of a synthetic DNA: equilibrium and kinetic studies with poly (dG-dC). J Mol Biol. 1972 Jun 28;67(3):375–396. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90457-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schneider A. S., Schneider M. J., Rosenheck K. Optical activity of biological membranes: scattering effects and protein conformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1970 Jul;66(3):793–798. doi: 10.1073/pnas.66.3.793. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Seeman N. C., Rosenberg J. M., Rich A. Sequence-specific recognition of double helical nucleic acids by proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Mar;73(3):804–808. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.3.804. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thamann T. J., Lord R. C., Wang A. H., Rich A. The high salt form of poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) is left-handed Z-DNA: Raman spectra of crystals and solutions. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Oct 24;9(20):5443–5457. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.20.5443. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wang A. H., Quigley G. J., Kolpak F. J., Crawford J. L., van Boom J. H., van der Marel G., Rich A. Molecular structure of a left-handed double helical DNA fragment at atomic resolution. Nature. 1979 Dec 13;282(5740):680–686. doi: 10.1038/282680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zacharias W., Larson J. E., Klysik J., Stirdivant S. M., Wells R. D. Conditions which cause the right-handed to left-handed DNA conformational transitions. Evidence for several types of left-handed DNA structures in solution. J Biol Chem. 1982 Mar 25;257(6):2775–2782. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van de Sande J. H., Jovin T. M. Z* DNA, the left-handed helical form of poly[d(G-C)] in MgCl2-ethanol, is biologically active. EMBO J. 1982;1(1):115–120. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01133.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]