Abstract
The DNA sequence of a chicken genomal fragment containing a histone H2A gene has been determined. It contains extensive 5' and 3' flanking regions and encodes a protein identical in sequence to the histone H2A protein isolated from chicken erythrocytes. In the 5' flanking region, a possible "TATA box" and three possible "cap sites" can be recognised upstream from the initiation codon. To the 5' side of the "TATA box" is found an unusual sequence of 21 A's interrupted by a central G residue. It occupies the same relative position as the P. miliaris H2A gene-specific 5' dyad symmetry sequence and the "CCAAT box" seen in other eukaryotic polymerase II genes but is clearly different from both. A significant feature of the 3' non-coding region is the presence of a 23 base-pair sequence that is nearly identical to a conserved region found in sea urchin histone genes. The coding region is extremely GC rich, with strong selection for these bases in the third position of codons. Not a single coding triplet ends in U. No intervening sequences were found in this gene.
Full text
PDF![3119](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a04c/327335/dcb46792e9ae/nar00406-0134.png)
![3120](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a04c/327335/94a7b2db86ad/nar00406-0135.png)
![3121](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a04c/327335/a7c6d137b952/nar00406-0136.png)
![3122](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a04c/327335/cfb29c4c8d36/nar00406-0137.png)
![3123](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a04c/327335/9cdeb9bf3bdc/nar00406-0138.png)
![3124](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a04c/327335/3622ece06668/nar00406-0139.png)
![3125](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a04c/327335/0deed76901ae/nar00406-0140.png)
![3126](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a04c/327335/7202fdf801b4/nar00406-0141.png)
![3127](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a04c/327335/b7fdca67b32f/nar00406-0142.png)
![3128](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a04c/327335/100a1424aa5d/nar00406-0143.png)
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Adhya S., Gottesman M. Control of transcription termination. Annu Rev Biochem. 1978;47:967–996. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.47.070178.004535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Anderson S., Gait M. J., Mayol L., Young I. G. A short primer for sequencing DNA cloned in the single-stranded phage vector M13mp2. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 Apr 25;8(8):1731–1743. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.8.1731. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Benoist C., O'Hare K., Breathnach R., Chambon P. The ovalbumin gene-sequence of putative control regions. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 Jan 11;8(1):127–142. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.1.127. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Busslinger M., Portmann R., Birnsteil M. L. A regulatory sequence near the 3' end of sea urchin histone genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Jul 11;6(9):2997–3008. doi: 10.1093/nar/6.9.2997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Busslinger M., Portmann R., Irminger J. C., Birnstiel M. L. Ubiquitous and gene-specific regulatory 5' sequences in a sea urchin histone DNA clone coding for histone protein variants. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 Mar 11;8(5):957–977. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.5.957. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Corden J., Wasylyk B., Buchwalder A., Sassone-Corsi P., Kedinger C., Chambon P. Promoter sequences of eukaryotic protein-coding genes. Science. 1980 Sep 19;209(4463):1406–1414. doi: 10.1126/science.6251548. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Efstratiadis A., Posakony J. W., Maniatis T., Lawn R. M., O'Connell C., Spritz R. A., DeRiel J. K., Forget B. G., Weissman S. M., Slightom J. L. The structure and evolution of the human beta-globin gene family. Cell. 1980 Oct;21(3):653–668. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90429-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grosschedl R., Birnstiel M. L. Identification of regulatory sequences in the prelude sequences of an H2A histone gene by the study of specific deletion mutants in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Mar;77(3):1432–1436. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.3.1432. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grunstein M., Schedl P. Isolation and sequence analysis of sea urchin (Lytechinus pictus) histone H4 messenger RNA. J Mol Biol. 1976 Jun 25;104(2):323–349. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(76)90275-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harvey R. P., Wells J. R. Isolation of a genomal clone containing chicken histone genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Dec 11;7(7):1787–1798. doi: 10.1093/nar/7.7.1787. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hentschel C., Irminger J. C., Bucher P., Birnstiel M. L. Sea urchin histone mRNA termini are located in gene regions downstream from putative regulatory sequences. Nature. 1980 May 15;285(5761):147–151. doi: 10.1038/285147a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kedes L. H. Histone genes and histone messengers. Annu Rev Biochem. 1979;48:837–870. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.48.070179.004201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Korn L. J., Brown D. D. Nucleotide sequence of Xenopus borealis oocyte 5S DNA: comparison of sequences that flank several related eucaryotic genes. Cell. 1978 Dec;15(4):1145–1156. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90042-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kozak M. How do eucaryotic ribosomes select initiation regions in messenger RNA? Cell. 1978 Dec;15(4):1109–1123. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90039-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Laine B., Kmiecik D., Sautiere P., Biserte G. Primary structure of chicken erythrocyte histone H2A. Biochimie. 1978;60(2):147–150. doi: 10.1016/s0300-9084(78)80747-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):499–560. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65059-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Proudfoot N. J., Brownlee G. G. 3' non-coding region sequences in eukaryotic messenger RNA. Nature. 1976 Sep 16;263(5574):211–214. doi: 10.1038/263211a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Richards R. I., Shine J., Ullrich A., Wells J. R., Goodman H. M. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of adult chicken betal globin cDNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Nov 10;7(5):1137–1146. doi: 10.1093/nar/7.5.1137. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Richards R. I., Wells J. R. Chicken globin genes. Nucleotide sequence of cDNA clones coding for the alpha-globin expressed during hemolytic anemia. J Biol Chem. 1980 Oct 10;255(19):9306–9311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sinclair J. H., Brown D. D. Retention of common nucleotide sequences in the ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid of eukaryotes and some of their physical characteristics. Biochemistry. 1971 Jul 6;10(14):2761–2769. doi: 10.1021/bi00790a017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]