Are all prognostic factors in parotid gland carcinoma well recognized?

Abstract

The aim of his study was to assess the treatment results and prognostic factors in patients with parotid gland carcinoma. The material consisted of 109 patients treated surgically, with or without complementary radiotherapy, between 1978 and 2008 (follow-up at least 5-years). 5-year overall and disease-specific survival were observed in 57.0% of the patients and 5-year disease-free survival was achieved in 50.0%. Univariate analysis including ten clinical and pathological features to assess their prognostic value was done. Parapharyngeal space invasion, facial nerve palsy, and high grade of tumor malignancy were the factors with the highest influence on the treatment results, because their presence decreased the chance for recovery 9.8, 9.7, and 8.2 times, respectively. Histologically positive cervical lymph nodes and extraparenchymal extension were the other factors connected with poor prognosis (prognosis worse 6.7 and 5.4 times, respectively). Clinically positive cervical lymph nodes, positive/uncertain microscopic margin, involvement of the deep lobe, or the whole gland increased the risk of treatment failure 3.4, 3.1, and 2.8, respectively. The age ≥60 years and male gender were statistically significant factors, correlated with poor prognosis and decreased chance for recovery 2.4 and 2.6 times. T-status and clinical stage had important influence on 5-year disease-free survival rate because there were significant differences in the treatment results between individual stages. Multivariate analysis proved that the independent prognostic value, among anatomic structures involved by the neoplasm, had mandible, facial nerve, and skin infiltration. Among tumor-related factors, T-stage and grade had the statistically significant influence on treatment results, and stage and lymph nodes metastases among clinical and pathological features. These results confirm the value of actually used TNM classification (2002). Although the parapharyngeal space invasion is a factor, which seems to have a significant, poor prognostic value, it was not included in this classification.

Introduction

Parotid gland carcinoma is rare; it constitutes less than 3% of all malignant head and neck tumors [1, 2]. This is the reason why determining its prognostic factors basing on a large group of patients is very difficult or even impossible. Until now several factors have been recognized to have influence on prognosis and treatment outcome in patients with parotid carcinoma, and this made the TNM classification to evolve [3, 4]. In actually used TNM classification (UICC 2002), T-stage is based on tumor size, presence of extraparenchymal extension, and anatomic structures invasion (Table 1) [5]. Despite its big clinical usefulness, it seems that this classification needs to be improved.

Table 1.

T stage of the major salivary glands

T1	Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension
T2	Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension without extraparenchymal extension
T3	Tumor more than 4 cm and/or tumor having extraparenchymal extension
T4a	Tumor invades skin, mandible, ear canal, or facial nerve
T4b	Tumor invades base of skull, pterygoid plates, or encases carotid artery

TNM classification (UICC 2002)

Extraparenchymal extension is clinical or macroscopic evidence of invasion of soft tissues or nerve, except these listed under T4a and T4b. Microscopic evidence alone does not constitute extraparenchymal extension for classification purposes

Patients and methods

The material consists of 109 patients treated for primary parotid carcinoma at Department of Otolaryngology of Medical University of Gdansk in the years 1978–2008, for whom the follow-up period was at least 5-years. Clinical staging of parotid carcinomas was based on TNM classification of UICC from 2002. Reclassification was done by verifying the patient data containing results of clinical, imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI) and pathological examinations as well as surgical protocols. Histological reclassification was possible in 72 patients (66%). Tumor grading was done based on original pathological reports or redone microscopic examination of the tumor.

The analyzed group consisted of 56 females (51.4%) and 53 males (48.6%). The patient age ranged from 11 to 90 years (median 58.6).

In the whole material the second (T2) and the fourth (T4) stage was predominating–35 (32.1%) and 48 (44.0%) patients, respectively. T1 stage was found in 11 (10.1%) patients and T3 in 15 (13.8%). Clinical assessment of cervical lymph nodes was done by palpation; in 78 patients it was followed by ultrasonography or computed tomography (CT). In 75 (68.8%) patients the cervical lymph nodes were clinically N0. N1 and N2 stage was found in 20 (18.3%) and 14 (12.9%) patients, respectively. N3 stage was not observed in any case. There was a predominance of high-grade carcinomas––76 (69.7%) cases, intermediate- and low-grade carcinomas were found in 8 (7.3%) and 25 (22.9%) patients, respectively. The most common carcinoma were as follows: adenocarcinoma (not other specified)––22 patients (20.2%), carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma––21 patients (19.3%), mucoepidermoid carcinoma––20 patients (18.3%), and adenoid cystic carcinoma––18 patients (16.5%). The remaining types: acinic cell carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, salivary duct carcinoma, sebaceous carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, and papillary cystadenocarcinoma were found in 28 patients (25.7%).

All patients underwent surgical treatment; 62 of them (56.9%) had supplementary radiotherapy. In most patients treated with combined therapy, there was at least one indication for adjuvant radiotherapy. The complementary treatment was needed most frequently because of advanced tumor stage (T3/T4) and high-malignacy grade (59 and 60 patients, respectively) as well as the presence of metastases to regional lymph nodes (37 cases) and positive or uncertain surgical margins (29 patients).

Conservative parotidectomy (with the facial nerve preservation) was performed in 44 patients (40.4%), semiconservative (with preservation of some facial nerve branches)––in 17 (15.6%), and radical (with facial nerve sacrifice) in 48 patients (44.0%). In 91 patients (83.5%) the parotid surgery was associated with the neck dissection, it was mostly selective neck dissection of levels II, III, and V (67 patients––73.6%), which was performed only in patients with clinically N0 neck. The remaining patients underwent radical or modified radical neck dissection.

In 37 of these patients (40.6%) microscopic examination proved the presence of metastases in the regional lymph nodes and in 20 of them (30%) the neck was assessed as N0. Nodal metastases were the most frequent in mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenocarcinoma (not other specified), and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma––52.4, 50.0, and 47.4%, respectively. In the fourth frequent tumor–adenoid cystic carcinoma the cervical lymph nodes were involved only in 14.3% of patients. In the remaining tumors nodal metastases were remarkably present in salivary duct carcinoma (two out of three cases).

To assess the prognostic value of some selected clinical and pathological factors the univariate and multivariate analyses were done. The recovery criterion was 5-year disease-free survival.

The survival expectation was assessed by Kaplan–Meier method. To compare the survival expectation between the two groups of patients, a Wilcox test by Gehan was used. Multivariate analysis was done using Cox proportional hazard regression. The statistical significance level was established at P < .05. Assessing the prognostic factors, the odds ratio was used for measurement of strength of the effect.

Results

Treatment outcome

The overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) were presented in Table 2 and Fig. 1. 10- and 15-year survivals are estimated values, as partly they are based on the censored observations.

Table 2.

5-, 10-, 15-year overall survival, disease-specific survival, disease-free survival in patients with parotid gland carcinoma

	5-year (%)	10-year (%)	15-year (%)
Overall survival	57.0	34.0	24.0
Disease-specific survival	57.0	51.0	45.0
Disease-free survival	50.0	41.0	38.0

Fig. 1.

Overall survival, disease-specific survival, disease-free survival (diagonal lines on the survival curves indicate censored observations)

In analyzed material of 109 patients, the 5-year DSS was 57.0%, while 5-year DFS was 50.0%.

Estimated value of 10- and 15-year DFS was 41.0 and 38.0%, respectively.

The recurrence of disease was observed in 55 patients (50.5%). The local recurrence was found in 18 cases (16.5%). In 16 patients (14.7%) the distant metastases were observed during the follow-up period, without signs of local or regional recurrence. In the following 17 cases the recurrence was multifocal (loco-regional recurrence––5 cases, local recurrence and distant metastasis––4 cases, regional recurrence and distant metastasis––3 cases, loco-regional recurrence and distant metastasis––5 cases). Isolated regional recurrence was found only in four cases (3.7%). Nodal recurrence was observed in 17 patients: in 13 (14.3%) of them after previously performed neck dissection, and in 4 (22.2%) without neck treatment.

Most of recurrences (45 cases––81.8%) were observed during the first 3 years of follow-up period.

Prognostic factors

Univariate analysis

Univariate analysis proved that the biggest influence on treatment results had the following factors: invasion of the parapharyngeal space and facial nerve paresis––nearly by ten times worsening the prognosis. Treatment results according to the presence of the parapharyngeal space invasion are presented at the Fig. 2. Poor prognosis was also associated with the high grade of tumor and the presence of nodal metastases, worsening the treatment outcome by 8.2 and 6.7 times, respectively. The remaining clinical and pathological factors, significantly worsening the prognosis (from 5.4 to 2.4 times) were extraparenchymal extension, clinically N + neck, uncertain/positive surgical margin, primary tumor location in the deep lobe or involving the whole parotid tissue, male gender, and the age ≥60. These results are summarized in Table 3.

Fig. 2.

Treatment results according to the presence of the parapharyngeal space invasion

Table 3.

5-year disease-free survival according to selected clinical and pathological variables in univariate analysis

	5-year disease-free survival (%)	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	P value
Parapharyngeal space invasion	11.8	9.8	2.1–45.1	0.0007
Facial nerve paresis/paralysis	13.0	9.7	2.7–35.2	0.0008
High grade	35.5	8.2	3.0–22.2	0.0001
Histologically positive cervical lymph nodes	18.9	6.7	2.5–18.1	0.0007
Extraparenchymal extension	28.0	5.4	2.4–12.3	0.0003
Clinically positive cervical lymph nodes	29.4	3.4	1.4–8.1	0.005
Positive microscopic margin	30.0	3.1	1.3–7.6	0.012
Deep lobe/whole gland	38.3	2.8	1.3–6.0	0.009
Male gender	37.7	2.6	1.2–5.5	0.016
Age (≥60 years)	38.9	2.4	1.1–5.1	0.027

T stage had a significant influence on 5-year DFS, there were significant differences between the groups of patients with different T stages (T1––81.8%, T2––74.3%, T3––66.7%, and T4––18.7%). T4 stage worsened the prognosis by 12.2 times compared with T1–T3 stage.

Similar differences in treatment outcomes were found between groups of patients with different clinical stage (I—88.9%), II—73.3%, III—73.2% and IV—21.5%). Patients with clinical stage I–III had 11.4 times better prognosis compared to patients with the IV stage. Univariate analysis proved the significant difference only between T4 patients compared with T1–T3 patients (T stage) and IV stage patients compared with I–III stage patients (clinical stage).

Multivariate analysis

Multivariate analysis of correlation between neoplastic infiltration of the anatomical structures and treatment outcome was performed (Table 4). The independent factors that had significant influence on 5-year DFS were infiltration of the mandible, facial nerve, and skin. Infiltration of the mandible increased the treatment failure by 4.13 times. Infiltration of the facial nerve and skin worsened the prognosis by 2.38 and 2.04 times, respectively. The remaining investigated factors proved to have no significant value in multivariate analysis.

Table 4.

Multivariate analysis

	Hazard ratio	95% confidence interval	P value
Mandible invasion	4.13	1.22–13.92	0.022
Facial nerve invasion	2.38	1.38–4.11	0.002
Skull base invasion	2.25	0.45–11.26	0.323
Skin invasion	2.04	1.04–4.00	0.037
Parapharyngeal space invasion	1.76	0.86–3.57	0.120
Masseter muscle invasion	1.52	0.80–2.89	0.202
External auditory canal invasion	1.06	0.40–2.79	0.909

Association of anatomical structures involved by the neoplasm with recovery

Table 5 presents the multivariate analysis of the correlation of tumor-dependent parameters and treatment outcome. The independent significant factors for prognosis outcome proved to be the T stage and the tumor malignancy grade. The risk of treatment failure increased nearly twice with the each next T stage (1.78), whereas the tumor high grade increased it by 1.5 times. In the investigated multivariate analysis, N stage did not change significantly the treatment outcome.

Table 5.

Multivariate analysis

	Hazard ratio	95% confidence interval	P value
T stage	1.78	1.29–2.45	0.0005
N stage	1.48	0.84–2.61	0.170
Tumor grade	1.47	1.12–1.92	0.006

Association of tumor related factors with recovery

The correlation between clinical and pathological parameters and treatment outcome in multivariate analysis is presented in Table 6. Independent significant prognostic factors were age, clinical stage and neck lymph nodes metastases. The risk of treatment failure increased by 1.02 times with each passing year. Each subsequent, higher clinical stage increased the risk of disease recurrence by 1.82 times, whereas the presence of nodal metastases increased it by 2.29 times. The remaining investigated factors did not have significant prognostic value.

Table 6.

Multivariate analysis

	Hazard Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	P Value
Age ≥ 60 years	1.02	1.00–1.04	0.018
Male gender	1.58	0.90–2.79	0.114
Clinical stage	1.82	1.26–2.62	0.001
Histologically positive cervical lymph nodes	2.29	1.26–4.14	0.006
Positive/uncertain microscopic margin	1.06	0.83–1.55	0.747

Association of selected clinical and pathological variables with recovery

Discussion

Despite a long period of time from which the analyzed material comes from, the principles for treating patients with malignant parotid gland tumors in our department were the same. Although in the 80s parotidectomies with the facial nerve sacrifice and radical neck dissections were performed more frequently, after 1990 began to prevail operations with preservation of all or part of the seventh nerve and the functional/selective neck dissections, which is consistent with the trend of preservative surgery in the past 30 years.

In published papers, 5-year DFS was higher than in our material (50.0%) and ranged from 60 to 77% [6–9]. According to literature, 5-year DSS of patients with parotid carcinoma was from 59 to 72% and OS, from 52 to 71% [6, 10–12]. In the material of Carrillo et al. 10-year OS and DFS were 74 and 60%, respectively––these results are much better than ours [13]. The worse treatment results in our material might be explained by higher percentage of patients with III and IV clinical stage and high-grade carcinomas, and thus higher risk of locoregional recurrence and/or distant metastases. It is interesting that during the 5-year follow-up all the deaths were associated with salivary gland cancer (OS was equal to DSS). However, during the 10- and 15-year follow-up, the overall survival was far lower than those dependent on the disease (34 vs 51% and 24 vs 45%) which was probably related to the age of treated patients and their concomitant diseases.

Predominance of high-grade carcinomas (clinically more aggressive ones) in our material had significant influence on clinical signs (high clinical stage) and treatment results. But this high proportion of patients (nearly 70%) with high-grade carcinoma corresponds with the findings of other authors (from 41 to 73%) [9, 10, 14, 15]. Worse results would be associated with the presence of undetectable (occult) distant metastases, as most of the patients before surgery had only routine radiograph of the chest. More careful diagnostic (bone scanning, abdominal ultrasound examination and CT scan of the thorax or brain) was performed from the breakthrough of the 80s and 90s and only in cases suspected for distant metastases. Nowadays, these examinations are performed in all patients with the high clinical stage (III and IV) when the patient is considered for surgical treatment.

In our opinion the extensive follow-up in order to detect distant metastases is not really necessary, as this has no effect on survival. It is much more important to control (palpations, ultrasound/CT) the tumor site and neck lymph nodes, and the early intervention in cases of loco-regional recurrences.

The authors support the necessity of postoperative radiotherapy (eventually combined with chemotherapy) in cases of low-differentiated/high-malignancy carcinomas, high clinical stage, nodal metastases, incomplete or close resection, and perineural or bone invasion, as according to literature it improved loco-regional control [15, 16].

Surprisingly high proportion of nodal metastases, especially occult, in our patients corresponds to that from literature (from 9 to 53%), and in N0 cases from 9 to 48% of patients [8–11, 15, 17–22]. According to literature, the risk of nodal involvement in parotid carcinoma is related to its grade, microscopic structure (the highest in adenocarcinoma not other specified, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, undifferentiated, and squamous cell carcinoma), T stage (tumor size, facial nerve involvement, and extraparenchymal infiltration) [7, 12, 17, 19–22].

Our own experience and the results of other authors proved that neck dissection (elective or therapeutic) in parotid gland carcinoma should be performed, especially in cases with advanced T stage, high-grade tumors and when microscopic structure is related to the high risk of nodal metastases (when such information was obtained in the fine needle or frozen section biopsy). Since our paper was based on retrospective data, the analysis of metastatic nodes in individual neck levels was not possible. We think that in clinically N0 neck the elective neck dissection should cover levels II, III, and V, although in the material of Armstrong et al. the occult metastases involved also levels I and IV, which might suggest the need of radical modified neck dissection also in cases with unsuspicious cervical nodes [20].

The results of univariate analysis of the other authors confirm ours. According to literature, significant influence on 5-year survival had the following factors: age, male gender, facial nerve palsy, T stage, N stage, clinical stage, tumor grade, presence of nodal metastases, surgical margin, and extraparenchymal extension [6–9, 11–15, 17, 18, 21, 23]. Moreover, in many papers there are significant differences in treatment outcome related to histological structure of carcinoma [6, 11–13, 18, 21]. Witten et al. and Pedersen et al. [8, 19] proved that carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma had the worst prognosis. Due to the fact that definitely stronger influence on treatment outcome had the tumor malignancy grade than its microscopic structure, and because of large number of histological diagnoses (12 different types), and small number of some cases we did not conduct a similar analysis.

Pohar et al. [15] found in univariate analysis that perineural infiltration was a significant prognostic factor. In our material we found a particular bad prognosis in patients with T4 stage and IV clinical stage. In T4 patients (a and b together), 10-year DFS was not observed in any patient, which confirms the prognostic value of infiltration of mentioned anatomic structures. In our results we did not observe a big difference; moreover, during the longer follow-up period, we found reversal of the survival curve, between T2 and T3 stages. Partly it could be explained by the fact that criterion for T2 and T3 is the tumor size (≤4 cm >) and when tumor has the border size (around 4 cm), the groups do not differ much.

Multivariate analyses presented by other authors proved to be significant the following prognostic factors: age, T stage, N stage, clinical stage, tumor grade, presence of nodal metastases, surgical margin, and extraparenchymal extension [7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21]. Terhaard et al. [23] showed that facial nerve paresis is an independent factor related to regional recurrence rate and DFS. Poorten et al. [24, 25] created four stages prognostic scale based on pre- and postoperative factors, such as age, pain, facial nerve function, T stage, N stage, clinical stage, surgical margin, skin, and perineural infiltration.

We did not find in the literature any analyses that would consider parapaharyngeal space invasion as poor prognostic factor, although in our univariate analysis it was remarkably worsening the prognosis. Multivariate analysis did not show a statistically significant effect of infiltration of this anatomical structure on the treatment outcome. However, it also did not confirm the prognostic significance of other well-known parameters––including infiltration of the skull base, which was related to their rare occurrence in this group of patients. The authors conclude that despite technical difficulties in performing radical surgery, parapharyngeal space invasion should be included into stage T4a of TNM classification of malignant tumors of the major salivary glands.

Conclusions

Our results proved that the facial nerve paresis/palsy and infiltration of the skin or mandible worsen the treatment results. This confirms the value of actually used TNM classification (2002). The parapharyngeal space invasion is a factor which was not included in this classification and which seems to have a significant, poor prognostic value. Among the nonanatomical factors, the high grade of malignancy of the tumor seems to have the greatest impact on treatment outcomes.