Tooth fragment reattachment technique on a pluri traumatized tooth

Abstract

This case report describes and analyses a tooth fragment reattachment technique used to resolve crown fractures of the anterior teeth. This treatment allows a conservative approach to traumatic coronal lesions offering a better possibility of maintaining aesthetics and function. The authors have illustrated here a clinical case of a fractured incisor. This case is characterized by several traumas on the same tooth that required different therapeutic solutions. We used an easy and ultra-conservative technique without any tooth preparation in the first and third traumatic injuries. In the second trauma, a direct restoration of the fractured tooth was performed. The adhesive reattachment is a simple system to achieve good aesthetic and functional results.Our clinical experiences demonstrated that, when tooth and fragment margins are intact, the reattachment technique without any tooth preparation is a simple and predictable procedure. Quality of adhesion is shown by the retention of the reattached fragment in the second trauma that caused only partial enamel fractures.

INTRODUCTION

The uncomplicated crown fracture of anterior teeth is the most common traumatic injury of permanent dentition.[1] The upper central incisors are the teeth most frequently affected by this type of dental injury (80%), and this high incidence can be related to the anterior anatomical position and to the protrusion caused by eruptive process.[2] The traumatic events involving maxillary central incisors could also be related to malocclusion in which there is a more buccal positioning of these teeth.[2] Depending on different clinical situations, anterior teeth with enamel-dentin fractures can be treated using various techniques and materials. Direct or indirect restorations can be used when the fractured fragment is not available.[3]

When the fractured portion is intact, with adequate and correctly preserved margins, the adhesive reattachment to the residual tooth structure represents the first choice treatment.[3] The reattachment technique is also appropriate in dental fractures where the detached fragment does not match completely with the remaining tooth structure.[4] In this case it is crucial to perform a pre-operative analysis of the margins in order to choose the best technique required to fill the gap between the tooth and the fragment thus improving the adhesion. The incisal edge reattachment technique compared with the traditional restorative procedures offers the possibility to re-establish the contour, the architecture and the original brightness of tooth easily, and with a positive emotional response and greater acceptance from the patient.[5]

Many operative procedures have been suggested by literature, from no additional tooth preparation to various preparation options such as: circumferential bevel, internal groove, external chamfer and superficial overcontour of composite on the fracture line.[6–9] Several experimental models have proved that if during tooth preparation 90% of the original tooth structure is maintained, the limit of the fracture strength of the tooth remains the same. According to Rais and Pusnam,[5,8] the minimum strength for ensuring long term clinical success of the reattachment is still unknown, even if authors claims that 50% strength seems to be sufficient.[8,10] With improvements in adhesives and newer materials that offer high bond strength values, some investigators have attempted to reattach fragments using these materials without an additional retentive preparation.[7,11]

Clinical studies and trials have shown that the use of tooth preparation methods does not seem to improve the retention or the fracture strength of the reattached fragment.[12–16] Therefore, though the experimental models point out to the necessity of making an additional tooth preparation, actual clinical research has shown a positive follow-up even in cases of reattachment without preparation. As for all the body elements that have suffered traumatic injuries, even teeth restored with the fragment reattachment technique must undergo follow-up controls. It is necessary to keep checking the results and the stability of the tooth-adhesive-fragment complex over time, with intraoral radiographs and clinical assessments after the treatment. The aim is to evaluate the pulp vitality and color match.

The authors here have elucidated a clinical case resolved with a tooth fragment simple-reattachment technique. This clinical case is characterized by multiple traumatic injuries, which require different therapeutic solutions.

CASE REPORT

A 24 year old male patient, a basketball professional player, suffered a traumatic crown fracture of the upper right central incisor (11), with the fracture line being located in the middle third of the tooth. The patient reported promptly to the clnician with the fractured fragment. The tooth involved showed no evidence of pulpal exposure or of periodontal lesions consequent to the dental injury. Our operative protocol, preliminarily to any restorative step, started with a clinical examination in order to evaluate the traumatic injury, and the condition and the margins of the fragment. The fractured tooth was evaluated by trans-illumination in order to rule out the presence of enamel fissures. In the radiographic assessment, there was no fracture of the root or the alveolar bone [Figure 1].

Figure 1.

First trauma ((a) facial view of the fracture; (b) radiographic control; (c) postoperative view demonstrating a light color mismatch; (d) after 10 days in a humid environment the fragment recovers its original color)

The fractured portion was disinfected with 0.2% chlorhexidine, and stored in physiologic solution (Ogna Sodiomu Clorum 0.9 %^®) to maintain the hydration. Tooth vitality test was performed by giving thermal stimulus to the tooth (cold) and it responded as vital. The first step of the operative procedure, after administration of local anaesthesia, was the isolation of the operating field with a rubber dam. Prior to the reattachment procedure, the fractured tooth was cleansed and polished; and, the fractured portion was “tried-in” to check for any presence of disruptions or defects between the remaining tooth structure and the fragment. To facilitate its handling, the fragment was fixed on its vestibular aspect to a holder with an adhesive tip (Pic-n-stic, Pulpdent Corp.)

We decided to proceed with the attachment of the fractured fragment with no additional tooth preparation as there was no loss of dental hard tissues and the edges matched without any disruptions.

The fragment was treated with an “etch and rinse” technique using 37% phosphoric acid (The acid time application was related to the different tooth surface. It was 30 seconds for enamel, 1s seconds for dentine), followed by a separate application of priming and bonding agents (Scotchbond MP, 3M ESPE), and the fragment was kept away from light or heat sources until the reattachment phase. The fractured tooth was etched and treated with the same adhesive system (Scotchbond MP, 3M ESPE). The fragment was thus placed in its proper position on the tooth paying attention to the perfect fit between the two parts and only after this point was the bonding agent photopolymerized. The polymerization was carried out on both the vestibular and lingual aspects using a 60 seconds for each surface light-emitting diode (LED) light-curing unit (Elipar Freelight 2, 3M Espe). The restored tooth was then finished and polished using silicon points immediately after the fragment reattachment (HiLuster Plus Identoflex, KerrHawe).

Patient was then recalled for a follow up control at 6 and 12 months. All the clinical evaluation demonstrated a good maintaining of the previous treatment with good aesthetics and function.

25 months later the patient injured the same tooth during a sport activity and sustained a small enamel fracture at the incisal margin of the fragment reattached [Figure 2]. The other maxillary central incisor (21) was involved by a small enamel lesion too caused by the same traumatic event. At this time vitality test by giving thermal stimulus to the tooth (cold) was performed again and the tooth was still vital. The clinicians observed the stability of the fragment. Therefore, a direct restoration of both of the fractured teeth was performed using Scotchbond MP (3M Espe) and composite resin (Filtek Supreme, 3M Espe). Patient was recalled for follow up control at 3 months and no function, clinical or aesthetic problems were recorded. However, 4 months later a new trauma caused the detachment of the fragment. After clinical evaluation the treatment plan of choice was the same one used on the occasion of the first fracture [Figure 3]. After 3 years (5.5 years from the first injury) a follow-up control was performed. Aesthetics and pulp vitality were confirmed clinically. A radiographic control showed no evidence of periapical pathology [Figure 4].

Figure 2.

Second trauma ((a,b) buccal and occlusal view after the second trauma; (c, d) buccal and occlusal view after the direct restoration)

Figure 3.

Third trauma ((a) occlusal view; (b) radiographic control; (c) intra-operative view; (d) reattachment completed)

Figure 4.

Follow-up control (5.5 years from the first injury) ((a) radiographic control (b) clinical appearance)

DISCUSSION

This clinical case report tries to throw light on certain aspects of the reattachment technique used on fractured teeth. Among all the possible operative solutions of this technique, the authors chose to remain most conservative, and did not perform any preparation on the fractured margins. In fact, this choice is determined by both: the absence of macroscopic losses of dental substance and the fractured fragment; and, by the consideration that although the absence of an additional preparation determines an inferior resistance compared to the natural tooth, the results appear to be sufficiently stable.

Opinions found in literature for this point of view differ and univocal behaviour has not yet been individualized. Undoubtedly, the technique that is considered more reliable is the one that provides an additional preparation. The research conducted by Reis et al., underlined the need of executing a bevel, a chamfer or an overcontour to improve the resistance to the fracture following the bonding of a fragment. This study shows how the presence of an over contour on the fracture line related to an internal groove may increase the possibility of a tooth fracture. Besides, the use of the simple bond without any type of preparation or the execution of the vestibular chamfer, determined a resistance equal to 37% and to 70% of an intact element, respectively.[1,8] In a study of Munksgaard et al., it was shown that the dentine adhesive system Gluma established an average fracture strength of fragment-bonded teeth of about 50% of an intact tooth.[17] These data agree with the results obtained by Badami et al., who, using Scotchbond2, found a fracture strength for restored teeth between 42% and 65% in comparison with a sound tooth.[7]

Wiegand et al., suggest the use of an internal groove when the residual dental structure and the fragment fit perfectly; otherwise an over contour is advisable when there is a partial loss of hard tissue.[18]

Multicentre trials and long-term studies established this treatment option as successful in many cases.[12,13]

Andreasen et al., used All-Bond 2 and Scotchbond MP to reattach crown fragments to the remaining portion of sheep incisors loaded at differen loading rates. They suggested that reattachment with a bonding resin of the enamel dentin crown fragment after crown fracture is a realistic alternative to composite resin build up, although only half the strength of the intact tooth is achieved.[19] Munksgaard et al., reported the same values.[17] The primary cause of failure of the reattached tooth fragment is a new trauma or the use of the restored tooth with excessive masticatory forces, which justify many previous attempts to improve the fracture strength of the re-bonded fragment.

This case report shows how a simple fragment reattachment, performed without any additional preparation, can be realized by using resin. The upper incisors area is a very aesthetic zone and it is often related to trauma. However, the application of new generation materials ensures long term and aesthetic results in the area. The second trauma caused only minimal loss of substances in the same reattached fragment, and did not influence its retention. Besides, the absence of intermediate material facilitated the retreatment for the resolution of the third trauma.

CONCLUSIONS

According to our clinical evaluation, the restoration of a fractured crown using the adhesive reattachment is the optimal treatment for an enamel-dentin fracture when the tooth fragment is available, intact and well preserved. The clinical results appear to be positive and they show that this technique is easy to perform and standardize, inexpensive, and that it allows both functional and aesthetic recovery. In fact, the reattachment technique helps avoid the silicon matrix that is required to model the palatal surface properly to create a base for the subsequent composite layering. When compared to more aggressive prosthetic techniques like crowns and veneers, the reattachment technique is both conservative and aesthetic. Using this treatment procedure it is possible to achieve long-term retention and good mechanical resistance of the tooth-fragment complex.

Our clinical experiences, in accordance with literature data, prove that when the fragment is quickly reattached it is possible to preserve pulp vitality. The quality of the adhesion turned out to be suitable although an ultra-conservative technique was preferred without any type of preparation and only with the use of the bonding method. This assertion is based on long-term controls and on the verification that the second trauma caused only partial enamel fractures within the bonded fragment; and, only the third additional trauma caused the fragment's detachment. In any case, it was possible to perform the reattachment again with positive outcomes.