A Comparison Study on the Change in Lumbar Lordosis When Standing, Sitting on a Chair, and Sitting on the Floor in Normal Individuals

Abstract

Objective

To compare radiographic analysis on the sagittal lumbar curve when standing, sitting on a chair, and sitting on the floor.

Methods

Thirty asymptomatic volunteers without a history of spinal pathology were recruited. The study population comprised 11 women and 19 men with a mean age of 29.8 years. An independent observer assessed whole lumbar lordosis (WL) and segmental lordosis (SL) between L1 and S1 using the Cobb's angle on lateral radiographs of the lumbar spine obtained from normal individuals when standing, sitting on a chair, and sitting on the floor. WL and SL at each segment were compared for each position.

Results

WL when sitting on the floor was reduced by 72.9% than the average of that in the standing position. Of the total decrease in WL, 78% occurred between L4 to S1. There were significant decreases in SL at all lumbar spinal levels, except L1-2, when sitting on the floor as compared to when standing and sitting on a chair. Changes in WL between the positions when sitting on a chair and when sitting on the floor were mostly contributed by the loss of SL at the L4-5 and L5-S1 levels.

Conclusion

When sitting on the floor, WL is relatively low; this is mostly because of decreasing lordosis at the L4-5 and L5-S1 levels. In the case of lower lumbar fusion, hyperflexion is expected at the adjacent segment when sitting on the floor. To avoid this, sitting with a lordotic lumbar curve is important. Surgeons should remember to create sufficient lordosis when performing lower lumbar fusion surgery in patients with an oriental life style.

INTRODUCTION

A cross-legged position is that in which the lower legs are folded towards the body, crossing each other at the ankle or calf, with both ankles on the floor. This posture has various names originating from different cultural backgrounds: in English, it is referred to as Indian style; in many European languages, as Turkish style; and in Korea, as Yangban style. Sitting on the floor in a cross-legged position is common in the oriental culture but not in the Western culture. Low back pain (LBP) associated with sitting on the chair has been widely studied. Some agree that prolonged static sitting and reduced lumbar lordosis are risk factors for LBP^4,5,8,15). However, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of sitting on the floor on the sagittal lumbar curve has not been studied. It is just presumed that sitting on the floor is worse for LBP than standing or sitting on a chair. This study is designed for radiographic comparison of lumbar lordosis when standing, sitting on a chair, and sitting on the floor. The aim of the present study is to determine the clinical significance of sitting on the floor on lumbar spinal alignment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Population

Thirty asymptomatic volunteers among the hospital staff without a history of spinal pathology were recruited. The study population comprised 11 women and 19 men with a mean age of 29.8 (SD, 6.2) years (range, 23-52 years).

Radiographic evaluation

Lateral radiographs of the lumbar spine were obtained when standing, sitting on a chair, and sitting on the floor (Fig. 1). For radiography when standing, each person was asked to stand erect comfortably. The individual's arms were flexed; hands, placed on the clavicle; and the knees, held in extension. For chair sitting, the height of the chair was adjusted to allow each participant's hips and knees to flex approximately to 90° and for their feet to rest comfortably on the floor. For floor-sitting, each person was asked to sit crossed-legged on the floor in a comfortable position. The distance from the radiographic source to the film was maintained at 230 cm for exposure. An independent observer measured all radiographic assessments by using a measuring program with a built-in picture-archiving communication system (PiView; INFINITT Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea). Segmental lumbar lordosis (SL) between L1 to S1 and whole lumbar lordosis (WL) were assessed using the Cobb's angle in each position. SL was defined as the Cobb's angle between the superior endplate line of the upper vertebra and the inferior endplate line of the lower vertebra. SL at L5-S1 was defined as the Cobb's angle between the superior endplate line of L5 and the endplate line of S1. WL was defined as the Cobb's angle between the superior endplate line of L1 and the superior endplate line of S1.

Fig. 1.

A 34-year-old male participant's lateral radiographs of the lumbar spine obtained when standing (A), sitting on a chair (B), and sitting on the floor (C). In the standing position, whole lumbar lordosis (WL) is -66°, and segmental lordosis (SL) at the L5-S1, L4-5, L3-4, L2-3, and L1-2 levels is -22°, -14°, -10°, -6°, and -14°, respectively. When sitting on a chair, WL is -47°, and SL at the L5-S1, L4-5, L3-4, L2-3, and L1-2 levels is -9°, -5°, -9°, -7°, and -17°, respectively. When sitting on the floor, WL is -23°, and SL at the L5-S1, L4-5, L3-4, L2-3, and L1-2 levels is -6°, -3°, -1°, -1°, and -12°, respectively.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 14.0K (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A probability value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical analysis to compare the variables among the 3 groups. If a significant difference was found, the Bonferroni post hoc test was used to determine which groups were significantly different.

RESULTS

Tables 1 and 2 show comparison of SL and WL for each position. There were significant decreases in SL at all lumbar spine levels, except at the L1-2 level, when sitting on the floor as compared to when standing or sitting on a chair. WL when sitting on the floor was decreased to -13.9 (SD, 13.6) degrees from -50.0 (SD, 9.2) degrees observed in the standing position (72.9% reduction). Table 3 shows the contribution of SL change to WL change during a change in the position. L5-S1 and L4-5 contributed the most to the change in WL during a change in position. A change in position from standing to sitting on a chair resulted in a change in WL of a mean value of 47% and 32.6% at the L5-S1 and L4-5 levels, respectively. A change in position from standing to sitting on the floor resulted in a change in WL of a mean value of 40.2% and 37.9% at the L5-S1 and L4-5 levels, respectively. A change in position from sitting on the chair to sitting on the floor resulted in a change of 62.2% in WL at the L4-5 level.

Table 1.

Comparison of WL and SL among standing, chair-sitting, and floor-sitting position

Mean value±standard deviation (range) (degree). p-value is determined by Kruskal Wallis test. WL: whole lumbar lordosis

Table 2.

Post hoc test (by Bonferroni correction method) used to determine significant difference between each group

p-value is determined by Mann-Whitney U test. WL: whole lumbar lordosis

Table 3.

Contribution of SL change to WL change during position change

Mean value±standard deviation. p-value is determined by Mann-Whitney U test. ^*(Chair-Standing) ΔSL/ΔWL×100 (%), ^†(Floor-Standing) ΔSL/ΔWL×100 (%), ^‡(Floor-Chair) ΔSL/ΔWL×100 (%). ^§The most contributed level during each position change (by the Bonferroni post hoc test)

DISCUSSION

There was more loss in WL when sitting on the floor than when sitting on the chair. Each SL below the L2-3 level also significantly decreased when sitting on the floor. Most of the WL is determined by the L4-S1 level, and most of the change in WL observed during a change in position is also attributed to the L4-S1 level.

When sitting comfortably on the floor, WL below the L1-2 level became more kyphotic and a decrease in SL was prominent at the L4-5 and L5-S1 levels. This implies relaxation of the thoracic erector spinae and lumbar multifidus muscle¹⁴⁾. In comparison with the chair-sitting position, SL at the L4-5 level was greatly decreased than other levels during the floor-sitting position; this reveals high compressive loading at this level.

In the case of low lumbar fusion, especially at the L4-5 level, adjacent segment hypermobility is expected when sitting on the floor. Because loss of segmental motion at the L4-5 level is shown to be redistributed among multiple cranial segments, in most cases at the first cranial adjacent level²⁾, individuals used to sitting on the floor are more prone to adjacent segment hypermobility after low lumbar fusion. Akamaru et al.¹⁾ demonstrated that hypolordotic fusion at the L4-5 level caused the greatest amount of flexion-extension motion at the L3-4 level. Bae et al.³⁾ reported that postoperative hypolordotic SL is a risk factor for adjacent segment degeneration. We speculate that hypolordotic fusion might aggravate adjacent segment motion and degeneration in the sitting position. Surgeons should remember to avoid hypolordotic low lumbar fusion in individuals who are used to sitting on the floor.

Low lumbar fusion, especially in the hypolordotic state, is highly associated with hyperflexion at the adjacent segment when sitting on the floor; this brings about deactivation of the local lumbar stabilizing muscle and increases connective tissue strain¹²⁾. Deactivation of the local spinal stabilizing muscle that is known to be fatigue-resistant exerts high compressive loads on the spine^7,10). Hence, patients may feel uncomfortable and face difficulty when sitting on the floor after low lumbar fusion surgery. This is in close agreement with numerous authors^1,9,11). Loss of SL is associated with an increased incidence of low back pain and increased rate of degenerative changes observed at the adjacent levels.

To decrease segmental motion at the adjacent segment after low lumbar fusion in the sitting position, it may be beneficial to fuse the lumbar spine in normal or hyperlordotic alignment¹⁾. O'Sullivan et al.¹⁴⁾ suggested a lumbopelvic sitting position in which participants were instructed to rotate their pelvis anteriorly to obtain a neutral lordosis in the lumbar spine and relax their thorax. This resulted in increased coactivation of the superficial lumbar multifidus and internal oblique and is capable of providing a local stabilizing effect on the lumbopelvic region without high compressive loading. However, this position may not be easily achieved when sitting on the floor because of ischial tuberosities. When sitting, the spinal load is carried mainly by the ischial tuberosities¹⁵⁾, which make it difficult to rotate the pelvis anteriorly when sitting on the floor. Makhsous et al.¹³⁾ proposed that sitting on a chair with reduced ischial support and enhanced lumbar support could decrease sitting-related low back pain. It is presumed that lumbar support provided by a cushion for sitting on the floor helps reduce sitting load and enhances neutral lumbar lordosis by rotating the pelvis anteriorly.

Contribution to the loss of lordosis when sitting on a chair and on the floor was the greatest at levels L5-S1, and it showed relatively less influence on the change in lordosis when switching positions from sitting on a chair to sitting on the floor. This implies hypermobility at the L5-S1 level in any sitting position, which explains the remarkable incidence of nonunion at this level⁶⁾.

Using the clinical significance of this data, we should 1) explain to patients before they undergo surgery that they would experience difficulty when sitting on the floor after fusion surgery, 2) create greater lordotic fusion for the low lumbar spine, 3) recommend patients a change in lifestyle, and 4) perform more rigid fixation for the L5-S1 fusion.

Because this study included only healthy volunteers, there exists a limitation to explain the changes of SL and WL after low lumbar fusion. We are planning to perform similar study in fusion group and expect to report this result in near future.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study suggest sitting on the floor affects the sagittal lumbar curve by decreasing lordosis at each level, especially at the L4-5 and L5-S1 levels. In the case of low lumbar fusion, hyperflexion is expected at the adjacent segment when sitting on the floor. In this respect, sitting on the floor can easily aggravate LBP. To avoid this, sitting with a lordotic lumbar curve is important. Surgeons should remember to create sufficient lordosis when performing lower lumbar fusion surgery in patients with an oriental life style.