African 2, a Clonal Complex of Mycobacterium bovis Epidemiologically Important in East Africa

Stefan Berg; M Carmen Garcia-Pelayo; Borna Müller; Elena Hailu; Benon Asiimwe; Kristin Kremer; James Dale; M Beatrice Boniotti; Sabrina Rodriguez; Markus Hilty; Leen Rigouts; Rebuma Firdessa; Adelina Machado; Custodia Mucavele; Bongo Nare Richard Ngandolo; Judith Bruchfeld; Laura Boschiroli; Annélle Müller; Naima Sahraoui; Maria Pacciarini; Simeon Cadmus; Moses Joloba; Dick van Soolingen; Anita L Michel; Berit Djønne; Alicia Aranaz; Jakob Zinsstag; Paul van Helden; Françoise Portaels; Rudovick Kazwala; Gunilla Källenius; R Glyn Hewinson; Abraham Aseffa; Stephen V Gordon; Noel H Smith

doi:10.1128/JB.00048-12

. 2012 Mar;194(6):1641. doi: 10.1128/JB.00048-12

African 2, a Clonal Complex of Mycobacterium bovis Epidemiologically Important in East Africa

Stefan Berg

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, M Carmen Garcia-Pelayo

M Carmen Garcia-Pelayo

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Borna Müller

Borna Müller

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Elena Hailu

Elena Hailu

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Benon Asiimwe

Benon Asiimwe

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Kristin Kremer

Kristin Kremer

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, James Dale

James Dale

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, M Beatrice Boniotti

M Beatrice Boniotti

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Sabrina Rodriguez

Sabrina Rodriguez

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Markus Hilty

Markus Hilty

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Leen Rigouts

Leen Rigouts

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Rebuma Firdessa

Rebuma Firdessa

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Adelina Machado

Adelina Machado

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Custodia Mucavele

Custodia Mucavele

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Bongo Nare Richard Ngandolo

Bongo Nare Richard Ngandolo

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Judith Bruchfeld

Judith Bruchfeld

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Laura Boschiroli

Laura Boschiroli

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Annélle Müller

Annélle Müller

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Naima Sahraoui

Naima Sahraoui

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Maria Pacciarini

Maria Pacciarini

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Simeon Cadmus

Simeon Cadmus

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Moses Joloba

Moses Joloba

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Dick van Soolingen

Dick van Soolingen

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Anita L Michel

Anita L Michel

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Berit Djønne

Berit Djønne

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Alicia Aranaz

Alicia Aranaz

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Jakob Zinsstag

Jakob Zinsstag

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Paul van Helden

Paul van Helden

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Françoise Portaels

Françoise Portaels

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Rudovick Kazwala

Rudovick Kazwala

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Gunilla Källenius

Gunilla Källenius

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, R Glyn Hewinson

R Glyn Hewinson

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Abraham Aseffa

Abraham Aseffa

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Stephen V Gordon

Stephen V Gordon

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹, Noel H Smith

Noel H Smith

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

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¹

¹VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Armauer Hansen Research Institute, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Department of Medical Microbiology, Makerere University Medical School, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda; Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb/LIS), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; Reparto Genomica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell′Emilia, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; Dept. de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, and Centro Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Avenida, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, 23 Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Laboratoire de Recherches Vétérinaires et Zootechniques de Farcha, BP 433, N'Djaména, Chad; Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania; Université Saad Dahlab, Route de Soumaa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria; Department of Animal Health, National Veterinary Institute, BP 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; Facudade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, CP 257 Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, and ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, 11883 Stockholm, Sweden; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; College of Life Sciences and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and VLA Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom, and Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QL, United Kingdom

PMCID: PMC3294821

ERRATA

Volume 193, no. 3, p. 670–678, 2011. Page 671, column 2: Lines 7 through 14 should read as follows: “The status of the RDAf2 region (deleted or intact) was assessed by multiplex PCR with a set of three primers (primer set Af2): two primers targeting the flanking regions of RDAf2 (RDAf2_Fw, 5′-ACCGCCCTGTCCTATGTGAG, and RDAf2_Rev, 5′-TGACGGTTGCCTTTCTTGAC) and one primer hybridizing with the internal region of RDAf2 (RDAf2_IntRev, 5′-CACTGTCTCCGCTCATCATG). A PCR product of 451 bp (RDAf2 intact) or 711 bp (RDAf2 deleted) was identified by agarose gel electrophoresis.”

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