Skip to main content
PMC home page
The Journal of Clinical Investigation logoLink to The Journal of Clinical Investigation
. 1986 Jul;78(1):61–66. doi: 10.1172/JCI112574

Spontaneous expression of the c-sis gene and release of a platelet-derived growth factorlike molecule by human alveolar macrophages.

J F Mornex, Y Martinet, K Yamauchi, P B Bitterman, G R Grotendorst, A Chytil-Weir, G R Martin, R G Crystal
PMCID: PMC329531  PMID: 3722386

Abstract

Alveolar macrophages from normal individuals and patients with interstitial lung diseases spontaneously expressed a 4.2-kilobase mRNA complementary to the c-sis gene, a proto-oncogene coding for one of the chains of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Concomitantly, these cells released a mediator with the properties of PDGF, including: chemotactic factor for smooth muscle cells whose activity was resistant to heat and acid, but sensitive to reduction; mitogenic (competence) activity for fibroblasts; ability to compete with PDGF for its receptor; and precipitated by an anti-PDGF antibody. While blood monocytes did not contain c-sis mRNA transcripts, monocytes matured in vitro expressed c-sis, consistent with the concept that expression of c-sis occurs during the differentiation of monocytes into alveolar macrophages. Together with the known actions of PDGF, these observations suggest that the c-sis proto-oncogene and its PDGF product are part of the armamentarium available to the alveolar macrophages for normal lung defense and participation in lung inflammation.

Full text

PDF
61

Images in this article

62Image
on p.62

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aviv H., Leder P. Purification of biologically active globin messenger RNA by chromatography on oligothymidylic acid-cellulose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1972 Jun;69(6):1408–1412. doi: 10.1073/pnas.69.6.1408. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Barrett T. B., Gajdusek C. M., Schwartz S. M., McDougall J. K., Benditt E. P. Expression of the sis gene by endothelial cells in culture and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Nov;81(21):6772–6774. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.21.6772. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bauer E. A., Cooper T. W., Huang J. S., Altman J., Deuel T. F. Stimulation of in vitro human skin collagenase expression by platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jun;82(12):4132–4136. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.12.4132. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bitterman P. B., Rennard S. I., Adelberg S., Crystal R. G. Role of fibronectin as a growth factor for fibroblasts. J Cell Biol. 1983 Dec;97(6):1925–1932. doi: 10.1083/jcb.97.6.1925. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bitterman P. B., Rennard S. I., Hunninghake G. W., Crystal R. G. Human alveolar macrophage growth factor for fibroblasts. Regulation and partial characterization. J Clin Invest. 1982 Oct;70(4):806–822. doi: 10.1172/JCI110677. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bleiberg I., Harvey A. K., Smale G., Grotendorst G. R. Identification of a PDGF-like mitoattractant produced by NIH/3T3 cells after transformation with SV40. J Cell Physiol. 1985 May;123(2):161–166. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041230203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bowen-Pope D. F., Vogel A., Ross R. Production of platelet-derived growth factor-like molecules and reduced expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptors accompany transformation by a wide spectrum of agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(8):2396–2400. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.8.2396. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bøyum A. Isolation of lymphocytes, granulocytes and macrophages. Scand J Immunol. 1976 Jun;Suppl 5:9–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Chiu I. M., Reddy E. P., Givol D., Robbins K. C., Tronick S. R., Aaronson S. A. Nucleotide sequence analysis identifies the human c-sis proto-oncogene as a structural gene for platelet-derived growth factor. Cell. 1984 May;37(1):123–129. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90307-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Collins T., Ginsburg D., Boss J. M., Orkin S. H., Pober J. S. Cultured human endothelial cells express platelet-derived growth factor B chain: cDNA cloning and structural analysis. Nature. 1985 Aug 22;316(6030):748–750. doi: 10.1038/316748a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Crystal R. G., Bitterman P. B., Rennard S. I., Hance A. J., Keogh B. A. Interstitial lung diseases of unknown cause. Disorders characterized by chronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract (first of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1984 Jan 19;310(3):154–166. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198401193100304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Crystal R. G., Bitterman P. B., Rennard S. I., Hance A. J., Keogh B. A. Interstitial lung diseases of unknown cause. Disorders characterized by chronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract. N Engl J Med. 1984 Jan 26;310(4):235–244. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198401263100406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Dalla-Favera R., Gelmann E. P., Gallo R. C., Wong-Staal F. A human onc gene homologous to the transforming gene (v-sis) of simian sarcoma virus. Nature. 1981 Jul 2;292(5818):31–35. doi: 10.1038/292031a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Deuel T. F., Huang J. S. Platelet-derived growth factor. Structure, function, and roles in normal and transformed cells. J Clin Invest. 1984 Sep;74(3):669–676. doi: 10.1172/JCI111482. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Devare S. G., Reddy E. P., Law J. D., Robbins K. C., Aaronson S. A. Nucleotide sequence of the simian sarcoma virus genome: demonstration that its acquired cellular sequences encode the transforming gene product p28sis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Feb;80(3):731–735. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.3.731. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. DiCorleto P. E., Bowen-Pope D. F. Cultured endothelial cells produce a platelet-derived growth factor-like protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Apr;80(7):1919–1923. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.7.1919. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Doolittle R. F., Hunkapiller M. W., Hood L. E., Devare S. G., Robbins K. C., Aaronson S. A., Antoniades H. N. Simian sarcoma virus onc gene, v-sis, is derived from the gene (or genes) encoding a platelet-derived growth factor. Science. 1983 Jul 15;221(4607):275–277. doi: 10.1126/science.6304883. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Ek B., Westermark B., Wasteson A., Heldin C. H. Stimulation of tyrosine-specific phosphorylation by platelet-derived growth factor. Nature. 1982 Feb 4;295(5848):419–420. doi: 10.1038/295419a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Glisin V., Crkvenjakov R., Byus C. Ribonucleic acid isolated by cesium chloride centrifugation. Biochemistry. 1974 Jun 4;13(12):2633–2637. doi: 10.1021/bi00709a025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Goustin A. S., Betsholtz C., Pfeifer-Ohlsson S., Persson H., Rydnert J., Bywater M., Holmgren G., Heldin C. H., Westermark B., Ohlsson R. Coexpression of the sis and myc proto-oncogenes in developing human placenta suggests autocrine control of trophoblast growth. Cell. 1985 May;41(1):301–312. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90083-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Graves D. T., Owen A. J., Barth R. K., Tempst P., Winoto A., Fors L., Hood L. E., Antoniades H. N. Detection of c-sis transcripts and synthesis of PDGF-like proteins by human osteosarcoma cells. Science. 1984 Nov 23;226(4677):972–974. doi: 10.1126/science.6209798. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Grotendorst G. R., Seppä H. E., Kleinman H. K., Martin G. R. Attachment of smooth muscle cells to collagen and their migration toward platelet-derived growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jun;78(6):3669–3672. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.6.3669. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Gunning P., Ponte P., Okayama H., Engel J., Blau H., Kedes L. Isolation and characterization of full-length cDNA clones for human alpha-, beta-, and gamma-actin mRNAs: skeletal but not cytoplasmic actins have an amino-terminal cysteine that is subsequently removed. Mol Cell Biol. 1983 May;3(5):787–795. doi: 10.1128/mcb.3.5.787. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Heldin C. H., Westermark B., Wasteson A. Specific receptors for platelet-derived growth factor on cells derived from connective tissue and glia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jun;78(6):3664–3668. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.6.3664. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hunninghake G. W., Gadek J. E., Kawanami O., Ferrans V. J., Crystal R. G. Inflammatory and immune processes in the human lung in health and disease: evaluation by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Pathol. 1979 Oct;97(1):149–206. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Johnsson A., Heldin C. H., Wasteson A., Westermark B., Deuel T. F., Huang J. S., Seeburg P. H., Gray A., Ullrich A., Scrace G. The c-sis gene encodes a precursor of the B chain of platelet-derived growth factor. EMBO J. 1984 May;3(5):921–928. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01908.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Lehrach H., Diamond D., Wozney J. M., Boedtker H. RNA molecular weight determinations by gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, a critical reexamination. Biochemistry. 1977 Oct 18;16(21):4743–4751. doi: 10.1021/bi00640a033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Leibovich S. J., Ross R. A macrophage-dependent factor that stimulates the proliferation of fibroblasts in vitro. Am J Pathol. 1976 Sep;84(3):501–514. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Martinet Y., Bitterman P. B., Mornex J. F., Grotendorst G. R., Martin G. R., Crystal R. G. Activated human monocytes express the c-sis proto-oncogene and release a mediator showing PDGF-like activity. Nature. 1986 Jan 9;319(6049):158–160. doi: 10.1038/319158a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Nakagawara A., Nathan C. F., Cohn Z. A. Hydrogen peroxide metabolism in human monocytes during differentiation in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1981 Nov;68(5):1243–1252. doi: 10.1172/JCI110370. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Nathan C. F., Murray H. W., Cohn Z. A. The macrophage as an effector cell. N Engl J Med. 1980 Sep 11;303(11):622–626. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198009113031106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Nilsson J., Sjölund M., Palmberg L., Thyberg J., Heldin C. H. Arterial smooth muscle cells in primary culture produce a platelet-derived growth factor-like protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jul;82(13):4418–4422. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.13.4418. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Nistér M., Heldin C. H., Wasteson A., Westermark B. A platelet-derived growth factor analog produced by a human clonal glioma cell line. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982 Dec 10;397:25–33. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb43414.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Pledger W. J., Stiles C. D., Antoniades H. N., Scher C. D. Induction of DNA synthesis in BALB/c 3T3 cells by serum components: reevaluation of the commitment process. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Oct;74(10):4481–4485. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.10.4481. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Rennard S. I., Hunninghake G. W., Bitterman P. B., Crystal R. G. Production of fibronectin by the human alveolar macrophage: mechanism for the recruitment of fibroblasts to sites of tissue injury in interstitial lung diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Nov;78(11):7147–7151. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.11.7147. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Robbins K. C., Antoniades H. N., Devare S. G., Hunkapiller M. W., Aaronson S. A. Structural and immunological similarities between simian sarcoma virus gene product(s) and human platelet-derived growth factor. Nature. 1983 Oct 13;305(5935):605–608. doi: 10.1038/305605a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Shimokado K., Raines E. W., Madtes D. K., Barrett T. B., Benditt E. P., Ross R. A significant part of macrophage-derived growth factor consists of at least two forms of PDGF. Cell. 1985 Nov;43(1):277–286. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90033-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Thomas P. S. Hybridization of denatured RNA and small DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Sep;77(9):5201–5205. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.9.5201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Waterfield M. D., Scrace G. T., Whittle N., Stroobant P., Johnsson A., Wasteson A., Westermark B., Heldin C. H., Huang J. S., Deuel T. F. Platelet-derived growth factor is structurally related to the putative transforming protein p28sis of simian sarcoma virus. Nature. 1983 Jul 7;304(5921):35–39. doi: 10.1038/304035a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Wewers M. D., Rennard S. I., Hance A. J., Bitterman P. B., Crystal R. G. Normal human alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage have a limited capacity to release interleukin-1. J Clin Invest. 1984 Dec;74(6):2208–2218. doi: 10.1172/JCI111647. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Clinical Investigation are provided here courtesy of American Society for Clinical Investigation

RESOURCES