Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The Journal of Clinical Investigation logoLink to The Journal of Clinical Investigation
. 1990 Dec;86(6):1777–1782. doi: 10.1172/JCI114906

Nuclear thyroid hormone receptors.

M A Lazar 1, W W Chin 1
PMCID: PMC329808  PMID: 2254444

Full text

PDF
1777

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Arriza J. L., Weinberger C., Cerelli G., Glaser T. M., Handelin B. L., Housman D. E., Evans R. M. Cloning of human mineralocorticoid receptor complementary DNA: structural and functional kinship with the glucocorticoid receptor. Science. 1987 Jul 17;237(4812):268–275. doi: 10.1126/science.3037703. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baker A. R., McDonnell D. P., Hughes M., Crisp T. M., Mangelsdorf D. J., Haussler M. R., Pike J. W., Shine J., O'Malley B. W. Cloning and expression of full-length cDNA encoding human vitamin D receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 May;85(10):3294–3298. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.10.3294. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bedo G., Santisteban P., Aranda A. Retinoic acid regulates growth hormone gene expression. Nature. 1989 May 18;339(6221):231–234. doi: 10.1038/339231a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Benbrook D., Pfahl M. A novel thyroid hormone receptor encoded by a cDNA clone from a human testis library. Science. 1987 Nov 6;238(4828):788–791. doi: 10.1126/science.3672126. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Brent G. A., Dunn M. K., Harney J. W., Gulick T., Larsen P. R., Moore D. D. Thyroid hormone aporeceptor represses T3-inducible promoters and blocks activity of the retinoic acid receptor. New Biol. 1989 Dec;1(3):329–336. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Brent G. A., Harney J. W., Chen Y., Warne R. L., Moore D. D., Larsen P. R. Mutations of the rat growth hormone promoter which increase and decrease response to thyroid hormone define a consensus thyroid hormone response element. Mol Endocrinol. 1989 Dec;3(12):1996–2004. doi: 10.1210/mend-3-12-1996. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Brent G. A., Larsen P. R., Harney J. W., Koenig R. J., Moore D. D. Functional characterization of the rat growth hormone promoter elements required for induction by thyroid hormone with and without a co-transfected beta type thyroid hormone receptor. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jan 5;264(1):178–182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Burnside J., Darling D. S., Carr F. E., Chin W. W. Thyroid hormone regulation of the rat glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene promoter activity. J Biol Chem. 1989 Apr 25;264(12):6886–6891. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Burnside J., Darling D. S., Chin W. W. A nuclear factor that enhances binding of thyroid hormone receptors to thyroid hormone response elements. J Biol Chem. 1990 Feb 15;265(5):2500–2504. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Carr F. E., Burnside J., Chin W. W. Thyroid hormones regulate rat thyrotropin beta gene promoter activity expressed in GH3 cells. Mol Endocrinol. 1989 Apr;3(4):709–716. doi: 10.1210/mend-3-4-709. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Chang C. S., Kokontis J., Liao S. T. Molecular cloning of human and rat complementary DNA encoding androgen receptors. Science. 1988 Apr 15;240(4850):324–326. doi: 10.1126/science.3353726. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Conneely O. M., Sullivan W. P., Toft D. O., Birnbaumer M., Cook R. G., Maxwell B. L., Zarucki-Schulz T., Greene G. L., Schrader W. T., O'Malley B. W. Molecular cloning of the chicken progesterone receptor. Science. 1986 Aug 15;233(4765):767–770. doi: 10.1126/science.2426779. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Damm K., Thompson C. C., Evans R. M. Protein encoded by v-erbA functions as a thyroid-hormone receptor antagonist. Nature. 1989 Jun 22;339(6226):593–597. doi: 10.1038/339593a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Dang C. V., Lee W. M. Nuclear and nucleolar targeting sequences of c-erb-A, c-myb, N-myc, p53, HSP70, and HIV tat proteins. J Biol Chem. 1989 Oct 25;264(30):18019–18023. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Darling D. S., Burnside J., Chin W. W. Binding of thyroid hormone receptors to the rat thyrotropin-beta gene. Mol Endocrinol. 1989 Sep;3(9):1359–1368. doi: 10.1210/mend-3-9-1359. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Dayton A. I., Selden J. R., Laws G., Dorney D. J., Finan J., Tripputi P., Emanuel B. S., Rovera G., Nowell P. C., Croce C. M. A human c-erbA oncogene homologue is closely proximal to the chromosome 17 breakpoint in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jul;81(14):4495–4499. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.14.4495. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Evans R. M., Hollenberg S. M. Zinc fingers: gilt by association. Cell. 1988 Jan 15;52(1):1–3. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90522-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Fawell S. E., Lees J. A., White R., Parker M. G. Characterization and colocalization of steroid binding and dimerization activities in the mouse estrogen receptor. Cell. 1990 Mar 23;60(6):953–962. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90343-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Forman B. M., Yang C. R., Au M., Casanova J., Ghysdael J., Samuels H. H. A domain containing leucine-zipper-like motifs mediate novel in vivo interactions between the thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors. Mol Endocrinol. 1989 Oct;3(10):1610–1626. doi: 10.1210/mend-3-10-1610. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Giguere V., Ong E. S., Segui P., Evans R. M. Identification of a receptor for the morphogen retinoic acid. Nature. 1987 Dec 17;330(6149):624–629. doi: 10.1038/330624a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Giguère V., Hollenberg S. M., Rosenfeld M. G., Evans R. M. Functional domains of the human glucocorticoid receptor. Cell. 1986 Aug 29;46(5):645–652. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90339-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Glass C. K., Franco R., Weinberger C., Albert V. R., Evans R. M., Rosenfeld M. G. A c-erb-A binding site in rat growth hormone gene mediates trans-activation by thyroid hormone. Nature. 1987 Oct 22;329(6141):738–741. doi: 10.1038/329738a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Glass C. K., Holloway J. M., Devary O. V., Rosenfeld M. G. The thyroid hormone receptor binds with opposite transcriptional effects to a common sequence motif in thyroid hormone and estrogen response elements. Cell. 1988 Jul 29;54(3):313–323. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90194-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Glass C. K., Lipkin S. M., Devary O. V., Rosenfeld M. G. Positive and negative regulation of gene transcription by a retinoic acid-thyroid hormone receptor heterodimer. Cell. 1989 Nov 17;59(4):697–708. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90016-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Graf T., Beug H. Role of the v-erbA and v-erbB oncogenes of avian erythroblastosis virus in erythroid cell transformation. Cell. 1983 Aug;34(1):7–9. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90130-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Graupner G., Wills K. N., Tzukerman M., Zhang X. K., Pfahl M. Dual regulatory role for thyroid-hormone receptors allows control of retinoic-acid receptor activity. Nature. 1989 Aug 24;340(6235):653–656. doi: 10.1038/340653a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Green S., Chambon P. A superfamily of potentially oncogenic hormone receptors. Nature. 1986 Dec 18;324(6098):615–617. doi: 10.1038/324615a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Green S., Walter P., Kumar V., Krust A., Bornert J. M., Argos P., Chambon P. Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A. Nature. 1986 Mar 13;320(6058):134–139. doi: 10.1038/320134a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hodin R. A., Lazar M. A., Chin W. W. Differential and tissue-specific regulation of the multiple rat c-erbA messenger RNA species by thyroid hormone. J Clin Invest. 1990 Jan;85(1):101–105. doi: 10.1172/JCI114398. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Hodin R. A., Lazar M. A., Wintman B. I., Darling D. S., Koenig R. J., Larsen P. R., Moore D. D., Chin W. W. Identification of a thyroid hormone receptor that is pituitary-specific. Science. 1989 Apr 7;244(4900):76–79. doi: 10.1126/science.2539642. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Izumo S., Mahdavi V. Thyroid hormone receptor alpha isoforms generated by alternative splicing differentially activate myosin HC gene transcription. Nature. 1988 Aug 11;334(6182):539–542. doi: 10.1038/334539a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Jeltsch J. M., Krozowski Z., Quirin-Stricker C., Gronemeyer H., Simpson R. J., Garnier J. M., Krust A., Jacob F., Chambon P. Cloning of the chicken progesterone receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Aug;83(15):5424–5428. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.15.5424. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Koenig R. J., Brent G. A., Warne R. L., Larsen P. R., Moore D. D. Thyroid hormone receptor binds to a site in the rat growth hormone promoter required for induction by thyroid hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Aug;84(16):5670–5674. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.16.5670. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Koenig R. J., Lazar M. A., Hodin R. A., Brent G. A., Larsen P. R., Chin W. W., Moore D. D. Inhibition of thyroid hormone action by a non-hormone binding c-erbA protein generated by alternative mRNA splicing. Nature. 1989 Feb 16;337(6208):659–661. doi: 10.1038/337659a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Koenig R. J., Warne R. L., Brent G. A., Harney J. W., Larsen P. R., Moore D. D. Isolation of a cDNA clone encoding a biologically active thyroid hormone receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jul;85(14):5031–5035. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.14.5031. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Kumar V., Chambon P. The estrogen receptor binds tightly to its responsive element as a ligand-induced homodimer. Cell. 1988 Oct 7;55(1):145–156. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90017-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Lazar M. A., Chin W. W. Regulation of two c-erbA messenger ribonucleic acids in rat GH3 cells by thyroid hormone. Mol Endocrinol. 1988 Jun;2(6):479–484. doi: 10.1210/mend-2-6-479. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Lazar M. A., Hodin R. A., Chin W. W. Human carboxyl-terminal variant of alpha-type c-erbA inhibits trans-activation by thyroid hormone receptors without binding thyroid hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Oct;86(20):7771–7774. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.20.7771. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Lazar M. A., Hodin R. A., Darling D. S., Chin W. W. A novel member of the thyroid/steroid hormone receptor family is encoded by the opposite strand of the rat c-erbA alpha transcriptional unit. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Mar;9(3):1128–1136. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.3.1128. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Lazar M. A., Hodin R. A., Darling D. S., Chin W. W. Identification of a rat c-erbA alpha-related protein which binds deoxyribonucleic acid but does not bind thyroid hormone. Mol Endocrinol. 1988 Oct;2(10):893–901. doi: 10.1210/mend-2-10-893. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Lazar M. A., Jones K. E., Chin W. W. Isolation of a cDNA encoding human Rev-ErbA alpha: transcription from the noncoding DNA strand of a thyroid hormone receptor gene results in a related protein that does not bind thyroid hormone. DNA Cell Biol. 1990 Mar;9(2):77–83. doi: 10.1089/dna.1990.9.77. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Loosfelt H., Atger M., Misrahi M., Guiochon-Mantel A., Meriel C., Logeat F., Benarous R., Milgrom E. Cloning and sequence analysis of rabbit progesterone-receptor complementary DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Dec;83(23):9045–9049. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.23.9045. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Lubahn D. B., Joseph D. R., Sullivan P. M., Willard H. F., French F. S., Wilson E. M. Cloning of human androgen receptor complementary DNA and localization to the X chromosome. Science. 1988 Apr 15;240(4850):327–330. doi: 10.1126/science.3353727. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. McDonnell D. P., Mangelsdorf D. J., Pike J. W., Haussler M. R., O'Malley B. W. Molecular cloning of complementary DNA encoding the avian receptor for vitamin D. Science. 1987 Mar 6;235(4793):1214–1217. doi: 10.1126/science.3029866. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Mitsuhashi T., Nikodem V. M. Regulation of expression of the alternative mRNAs of the rat alpha-thyroid hormone receptor gene. J Biol Chem. 1989 May 25;264(15):8900–8904. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Mitsuhashi T., Tennyson G. E., Nikodem V. M. Alternative splicing generates messages encoding rat c-erbA proteins that do not bind thyroid hormone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug;85(16):5804–5808. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.16.5804. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Miyajima N., Horiuchi R., Shibuya Y., Fukushige S., Matsubara K., Toyoshima K., Yamamoto T. Two erbA homologs encoding proteins with different T3 binding capacities are transcribed from opposite DNA strands of the same genetic locus. Cell. 1989 Apr 7;57(1):31–39. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90169-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Murray M. B., Towle H. C. Identification of nuclear factors that enhance binding of the thyroid hormone receptor to a thyroid hormone response element. Mol Endocrinol. 1989 Sep;3(9):1434–1442. doi: 10.1210/mend-3-9-1434. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Nakai A., Sakurai A., Bell G. I., DeGroot L. J. Characterization of a third human thyroid hormone receptor coexpressed with other thyroid hormone receptors in several tissues. Mol Endocrinol. 1988 Nov;2(11):1087–1092. doi: 10.1210/mend-2-11-1087. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Nakai A., Seino S., Sakurai A., Szilak I., Bell G. I., DeGroot L. J. Characterization of a thyroid hormone receptor expressed in human kidney and other tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Apr;85(8):2781–2785. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.8.2781. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. O'Donnell A. L., Koenig R. J. Mutational analysis identifies a new functional domain of the thyroid hormone receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 1990 May;4(5):715–720. doi: 10.1210/mend-4-5-715. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Oppenheimer J. H., Schwartz H. L., Mariash C. N., Kinlaw W. B., Wong N. C., Freake H. C. Advances in our understanding of thyroid hormone action at the cellular level. Endocr Rev. 1987 Aug;8(3):288–308. doi: 10.1210/edrv-8-3-288. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Petkovich M., Brand N. J., Krust A., Chambon P. A human retinoic acid receptor which belongs to the family of nuclear receptors. Nature. 1987 Dec 3;330(6147):444–450. doi: 10.1038/330444a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Petty K. J., Desvergne B., Mitsuhashi T., Nikodem V. M. Identification of a thyroid hormone response element in the malic enzyme gene. J Biol Chem. 1990 May 5;265(13):7395–7400. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Prost E., Koenig R. J., Moore D. D., Larsen P. R., Whalen R. G. Multiple sequences encoding potential thyroid hormone receptors isolated from mouse skeletal muscle cDNA libraries. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Jul 11;16(13):6248–6248. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.13.6248. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Ptashne M. How eukaryotic transcriptional activators work. Nature. 1988 Oct 20;335(6192):683–689. doi: 10.1038/335683a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Sakurai A., Takeda K., Ain K., Ceccarelli P., Nakai A., Seino S., Bell G. I., Refetoff S., DeGroot L. J. Generalized resistance to thyroid hormone associated with a mutation in the ligand-binding domain of the human thyroid hormone receptor beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Nov;86(22):8977–8981. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.22.8977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Samuels H. H., Forman B. M., Horowitz Z. D., Ye Z. S. Regulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone. J Clin Invest. 1988 Apr;81(4):957–967. doi: 10.1172/JCI113449. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Sap J., Muñoz A., Damm K., Goldberg Y., Ghysdael J., Leutz A., Beug H., Vennström B. The c-erb-A protein is a high-affinity receptor for thyroid hormone. Nature. 1986 Dec 18;324(6098):635–640. doi: 10.1038/324635a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Sap J., Muñoz A., Schmitt J., Stunnenberg H., Vennström B. Repression of transcription mediated at a thyroid hormone response element by the v-erb-A oncogene product. Nature. 1989 Jul 20;340(6230):242–244. doi: 10.1038/340242a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Sap J., de Magistris L., Stunnenberg H., Vennström B. A major thyroid hormone response element in the third intron of the rat growth hormone gene. EMBO J. 1990 Mar;9(3):887–896. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08186.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Schueler P. A., Schwartz H. L., Strait K. A., Mariash C. N., Oppenheimer J. H. Binding of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and its analogs to the in vitro translational products of c-erbA protooncogenes: differences in the affinity of the alpha- and beta-forms for the acetic acid analog and failure of the human testis and kidney alpha-2 products to bind T3. Mol Endocrinol. 1990 Feb;4(2):227–234. doi: 10.1210/mend-4-2-227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Spindler S. R., Mellon S. H., Baxter J. D. Growth hormone gene transcription is regulated by thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones in cultured rat pituitary tumor cells. J Biol Chem. 1982 Oct 10;257(19):11627–11632. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Spurr N. K., Solomon E., Jansson M., Sheer D., Goodfellow P. N., Bodmer W. F., Vennstrom B. Chromosomal localisation of the human homologues to the oncogenes erbA and B. EMBO J. 1984 Jan;3(1):159–163. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01777.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Thompson C. C., Evans R. M. Trans-activation by thyroid hormone receptors: functional parallels with steroid hormone receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 May;86(10):3494–3498. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.10.3494. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Thompson C. C., Weinberger C., Lebo R., Evans R. M. Identification of a novel thyroid hormone receptor expressed in the mammalian central nervous system. Science. 1987 Sep 25;237(4822):1610–1614. doi: 10.1126/science.3629259. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Tora L., Gronemeyer H., Turcotte B., Gaub M. P., Chambon P. The N-terminal region of the chicken progesterone receptor specifies target gene activation. Nature. 1988 May 12;333(6169):185–188. doi: 10.1038/333185a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Umesono K., Giguere V., Glass C. K., Rosenfeld M. G., Evans R. M. Retinoic acid and thyroid hormone induce gene expression through a common responsive element. Nature. 1988 Nov 17;336(6196):262–265. doi: 10.1038/336262a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Usala S. J., Tennyson G. E., Bale A. E., Lash R. W., Gesundheit N., Wondisford F. E., Accili D., Hauser P., Weintraub B. D. A base mutation of the C-erbA beta thyroid hormone receptor in a kindred with generalized thyroid hormone resistance. Molecular heterogeneity in two other kindreds. J Clin Invest. 1990 Jan;85(1):93–100. doi: 10.1172/JCI114438. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Vasios G. W., Gold J. D., Petkovich M., Chambon P., Gudas L. J. A retinoic acid-responsive element is present in the 5' flanking region of the laminin B1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Dec;86(23):9099–9103. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.23.9099. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Weinberger C., Hollenberg S. M., Rosenfeld M. G., Evans R. M. Domain structure of human glucocorticoid receptor and its relationship to the v-erb-A oncogene product. Nature. 1985 Dec 19;318(6047):670–672. doi: 10.1038/318670a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Weinberger C., Thompson C. C., Ong E. S., Lebo R., Gruol D. J., Evans R. M. The c-erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor. Nature. 1986 Dec 18;324(6098):641–646. doi: 10.1038/324641a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Wight P. A., Crew M. D., Spindler S. R. Sequences essential for activity of the thyroid hormone responsive transcription stimulatory element of the rat growth hormone gene. Mol Endocrinol. 1988 Jun;2(6):536–542. doi: 10.1210/mend-2-6-536. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Yaffe B. M., Samuels H. H. Hormonal regulation of the growth hormone gene. Relationship of the rate of transcription to the level of nuclear thyroid hormone-receptor complexes. J Biol Chem. 1984 May 25;259(10):6284–6291. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Ye Z. S., Forman B. M., Aranda A., Pascual A., Park H. Y., Casanova J., Samuels H. H. Rat growth hormone gene expression. Both cell-specific and thyroid hormone response elements are required for thyroid hormone regulation. J Biol Chem. 1988 Jun 5;263(16):7821–7829. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Zilz N. D., Murray M. B., Towle H. C. Identification of multiple thyroid hormone response elements located far upstream from the rat S14 promoter. J Biol Chem. 1990 May 15;265(14):8136–8143. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Clinical Investigation are provided here courtesy of American Society for Clinical Investigation

RESOURCES