Prospective population studies of incident heart failure without data on baseline left ventricular ejection fraction

Abstract

Introduction

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is a predictor of incident heart failure (HF). However, baseline LVEF is often unavailable in population studies of HF.

Meterial and methods

Of the 5324 Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) participants free of baseline HF, 143 (3%) had LVEF < 45% and 1091 (21%) developed HF during 13 years of follow-up. Using public-use copies of the CHS data, we compared two predictor models of incident HF, with and without adjustment for baseline LVEF.

Results

Baseline impaired LVEF was a strong independent predictor of incident HF (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.78; P < 0.001) but had no impact on the direction, magnitude or significance of independent associations of the other predictors of incident HF such as age, sex, race, coronary artery disease, hypertension and diabetes.

Conclusion

Baseline LVEF is an important predictor for incident HF but is not essential in population studies of risk factors for incident HF.

Introduction

Left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction (SD) is an important predictor of incident heart failure (HF) [1]. Therefore, it may be important to collect and adjust for data on baseline LV ejection fraction (LVEF) in studies of incident HF. However, cost and other logistical considerations often preclude collection of baseline data on LVEF in large population studies of incident HF [2]. The methodological impact of the lack of baseline LVEF data on the interpretation of the findings from studies of incident HF is unknown. We used public-use copies of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) datasets obtained from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to compare two multivariable Cox regression models of incident HF with and without adjustment for baseline LVEF.

Material and methods

The CHS is an ongoing epidemiologic study of cardiovascular disease in community-dwelling older adults in the United States; the details of the rationale, design and implementation of which have been previously reported [1, 3, 4]. Briefly, an original cohort of 5201 participants recruited during 1989-1990, was complemented by a second cohort of 687 African-American participants recruited during 1992-1993. Of 5888 CHS participants, data on 5795 participants were available in the public-use copy of the dataset (93 participants did not consent to be included in the de-identified public-use data). Of the 5324 CHS participants who were free of baseline HF (centrally adjudicated) and also had echocardiographic data on baseline LVEF, 143 (2%) had LVSD, defined as LVEF < 45%.

Incident HF was centrally adjudicated during a median follow-up of 12 years. The process of adjudication of HF in CHS has been well-documented in the literature [5-7]. Briefly, participants were asked about physician-diagnosed HF during semi-annual visits. The CHS Events Committee later adjudicated the diagnosis of HF through the examination of participants’ medical records for a constellation of symptoms, physical signs, and other supporting findings suggestive of HF, use of medications commonly used for HF, and follow-up surveillance. Two multivariable Cox regression models were developed to identify predictors of incident HF. In both models, incident HF was the dependent variable, and various demographic, clinical and laboratory variables were entered as covariates. The models were similar except that in one model an additional variable for LVSD was entered as a covariate.

Resutlts

Participants (n = 5324) had a mean age of 73 (±6) years, 58% were women and 13% were African American. Overall, 1091 (21%) participants developed incident HF during 50,143 person-years of follow-up. Baseline LVSD had an independent association with incident HF (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.78; P < 0.001; Table I). Adjustment for LVSD, however, had no impact on the direction, magnitude or significance of the independent associations of other predictors with incident HF. For example, adjusted hazard ratios for age ≥ 75 years, before and after LVSD adjustments, were 1.95 and 1.94 respectively (both P < 0.001; Table I). Adjusted hazard ratios for other predictors of incident HF were also similar regardless of adjustment for baseline LVSD (Table I).

Table I.

Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for predictors of incident heart failure (HF) in community-dwelling older adults without prevalent HF, with and without adjustment for baseline left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD)

Variable	Model without LVSD		Model with LVSD		Absolute difference in HR
	Adjusted HR	P value	Adjusted HR	P value
Age ≥ 75 years	1.95	< 0.001	1.94	< 0.001	0.01
Female gender	0.74	< 0.001	0.76	< 0.001	0.02
African American	0.66	< 0.001	0.67	< 0.001	0.01
Current smoking	1.39	< 0.001	1.42	< 0.001	0.03
General health fair to poor	1.41	< 0.001	1.40	< 0.001	0.01
Coronary artery disease	1.75	< 0.001	1.66	< 0.001	0.09
Hypertension	1.24	0.010	1.27	0.004	0.03
Diabetes mellitus	1.75	< 0.001	1.78	< 0.001	0.03
Stroke	1.30	0.056	1.34	0.033	0.04
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	1.23	0.017	1.23	0.017	0.00
Atrial fibrillation	2.44	< 0.001	2.31	< 0.001	0.13
Left ventricular hypertrophy	1.77	< 0.001	1.72	< 0.001	0.05
Systolic blood pressure [mmHg]	1.01	< 0.001	1.01	< 0.001	0.00
Peripheral arterial disease	1.61	< 0.001	1.59	< 0.001	0.02
Serum creatinine [mg/dl]	1.39	< 0.001	1.40	< 0.001	0.01
Serum uric acid [mg/dl]	1.09	< 0.001	1.09	< 0.001	0.00
Serum albumin [g/dl]	0.71	0.002	0.69	0.002	0.02
Serum insulin [μU/ml]	1.003	0.016	1.002	0.024	0.001
C-reactive protein [mg/dl]	1.01	< 0.001	1.01	< 0.001	0.00
Hemoglobin [g/dl]	0.94	0.013	0.94	0.016	0.00
LVSD (ejection fraction < 45%)	---	---	2.78	< 0.001	---

Discussion

Findings from this prospective population study of incident HF demonstrate that the prevalence of LVSD was low among community-dwelling older adults without prevalent HF. Although baseline LVSD was a strong independent predictor of incident HF, the predictive significance of age, female sex, African American race, coronary artery disease, diabetes and others remained unchanged before and after adjusting for LVSD. Atrial fibrillation was the only significant predictor of incident HF that had a > 5% change with additional adjustment of LVSD; however, it was strongly significant both before and after adjustment of LVSD.

Findings of the current analysis suggest that LVSD had no noticeable impact on the direction, magnitude or significance of the independent associations of other predictors of incident HF. Because LVSD is a very strong predictor of incident HF, the absence baseline LVSD data may be viewed as a limitation in population studies of incident HF. However, findings from our study suggest that in addition to re-establishing the fact that LVSD is a strong predictor of incident HF, the costly collection of baseline LVEF data is unlikely to add any additional value in studies of other risk factors of HF. In conclusion, the methodological impact of the lack of baseline LVEF data on the interpretation of the findings from studies of incident HF is negligible, and the lack of baseline LVSD data is not a major limitation for population studies of predictors of incident HF.