Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Nucleic Acids Research logoLink to Nucleic Acids Research
. 1990 Feb 25;18(4):763–769. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.4.763

Transcription of the transforming genes of the oncogenic human papillomavirus-16 is stimulated by tumor promotors through AP1 binding sites.

W K Chan 1, T Chong 1, H U Bernard 1, G Klock 1
PMCID: PMC330325  PMID: 2156229

Abstract

The promoter P97 of human papillomavirus-16 (HPV-16) gives rise to transcripts that encode the principal transforming genes of the virus, E6 and E7. The activity of P97 is regulated by a cell-type-specific enhancer, as well as by glucocorticoids and progesterone. We show here, that in CaSki cells, which contain HPV-16 genomes, P97 is also inducible by phorbol esters. Functional analysis of restriction fragments and oligonucleotides of the viral enhancer localizes two phorbol ester response elements on two transcription factor binding sites termed fp4e and fp9e. Sequence comparison, footprint analysis and bandshift competition of the cloned motifs suggest that both fp4e and fp9e are bound by the transcription factor AP1. These AP1 binding sites in HPV-16 and other papillomaviruses may provide a link between cellular oncogenes like jun, fos and possibly ras, whose transcription stimulating activity may lead to an elevated expression of the viral transforming genes E6 and E7.

Full text

PDF
763

Images in this article

765Image
on p.765
767Image
on p.767
768Image
on p.768

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Angel P., Imagawa M., Chiu R., Stein B., Imbra R. J., Rahmsdorf H. J., Jonat C., Herrlich P., Karin M. Phorbol ester-inducible genes contain a common cis element recognized by a TPA-modulated trans-acting factor. Cell. 1987 Jun 19;49(6):729–739. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90611-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baker C. C., Phelps W. C., Lindgren V., Braun M. J., Gonda M. A., Howley P. M. Structural and transcriptional analysis of human papillomavirus type 16 sequences in cervical carcinoma cell lines. J Virol. 1987 Apr;61(4):962–971. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.4.962-971.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Berridge M. J. Inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol: two interacting second messengers. Annu Rev Biochem. 1987;56:159–193. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.56.070187.001111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Chan W. K., Gloss B., Bernard H. U. Human papillomavirus-16 and genital cancer: are tests for the viral gene expression in vitro indicators for risk factors in vivo? Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1988 Apr;17(2):232–237. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Chan W. K., Klock G., Bernard H. U. Progesterone and glucocorticoid response elements occur in the long control regions of several human papillomaviruses involved in anogenital neoplasia. J Virol. 1989 Aug;63(8):3261–3269. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.8.3261-3269.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Chen E. Y., Howley P. M., Levinson A. D., Seeburg P. H. The primary structure and genetic organization of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 genome. Nature. 1982 Oct 7;299(5883):529–534. doi: 10.1038/299529a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cole S. T., Streeck R. E. Genome organization and nucleotide sequence of human papillomavirus type 33, which is associated with cervical cancer. J Virol. 1986 Jun;58(3):991–995. doi: 10.1128/jvi.58.3.991-995.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Cripe T. P., Haugen T. H., Turk J. P., Tabatabai F., Schmid P. G., 3rd, Dürst M., Gissmann L., Roman A., Turek L. P. Transcriptional regulation of the human papillomavirus-16 E6-E7 promoter by a keratinocyte-dependent enhancer, and by viral E2 trans-activator and repressor gene products: implications for cervical carcinogenesis. EMBO J. 1987 Dec 1;6(12):3745–3753. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02709.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Dyson N., Howley P. M., Münger K., Harlow E. The human papilloma virus-16 E7 oncoprotein is able to bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Science. 1989 Feb 17;243(4893):934–937. doi: 10.1126/science.2537532. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Dürst M., Dzarlieva-Petrusevska R. T., Boukamp P., Fusenig N. E., Gissmann L. Molecular and cytogenetic analysis of immortalized human primary keratinocytes obtained after transfection with human papillomavirus type 16 DNA. Oncogene. 1987;1(3):251–256. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Fuchs P. G., Iftner T., Weninger J., Pfister H. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated human papillomavirus 8: genomic sequence and comparative analysis. J Virol. 1986 May;58(2):626–634. doi: 10.1128/jvi.58.2.626-634.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Galas D. J., Schmitz A. DNAse footprinting: a simple method for the detection of protein-DNA binding specificity. Nucleic Acids Res. 1978 Sep;5(9):3157–3170. doi: 10.1093/nar/5.9.3157. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Giri I., Danos O., Yaniv M. Genomic structure of the cottontail rabbit (Shope) papillomavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Mar;82(6):1580–1584. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.6.1580. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Gius D., Laimins L. A. Activation of human papillomavirus type 18 gene expression by herpes simplex virus type 1 viral transactivators and a phorbol ester. J Virol. 1989 Feb;63(2):555–563. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.2.555-563.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Gloss B., Bernard H. U., Seedorf K., Klock G. The upstream regulatory region of the human papilloma virus-16 contains an E2 protein-independent enhancer which is specific for cervical carcinoma cells and regulated by glucocorticoid hormones. EMBO J. 1987 Dec 1;6(12):3735–3743. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02708.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Gloss B., Chong T., Bernard H. U. Numerous nuclear proteins bind the long control region of human papillomavirus type 16: a subset of 6 of 23 DNase I-protected segments coincides with the location of the cell-type-specific enhancer. J Virol. 1989 Mar;63(3):1142–1152. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.3.1142-1152.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Gloss B., Yeo-Gloss M., Meisterenst M., Rogge L., Winnacker E. L., Bernard H. U. Clusters of nuclear factor I binding sites identify enhancers of several papillomaviruses but alone are not sufficient for enhancer function. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 May 11;17(9):3519–3533. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.9.3519. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Gorman C. M., Moffat L. F., Howard B. H. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Sep;2(9):1044–1051. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.9.1044. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hirochika H., Hirochika R., Broker T. R., Chow L. T. Functional mapping of the human papillomavirus type 11 transcriptional enhancer and its interaction with the trans-acting E2 proteins. Genes Dev. 1988 Jan;2(1):54–67. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.1.54. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kreider J. W., Howett M. K., Wolfe S. A., Bartlett G. L., Zaino R. J., Sedlacek T., Mortel R. Morphological transformation in vivo of human uterine cervix with papillomavirus from condylomata acuminata. Nature. 1985 Oct 17;317(6038):639–641. doi: 10.1038/317639a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Lee W., Haslinger A., Karin M., Tjian R. Activation of transcription by two factors that bind promoter and enhancer sequences of the human metallothionein gene and SV40. Nature. 1987 Jan 22;325(6102):368–372. doi: 10.1038/325368a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Lee W., Mitchell P., Tjian R. Purified transcription factor AP-1 interacts with TPA-inducible enhancer elements. Cell. 1987 Jun 19;49(6):741–752. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90612-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Luckow B., Schütz G. CAT constructions with multiple unique restriction sites for the functional analysis of eukaryotic promoters and regulatory elements. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Jul 10;15(13):5490–5490. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.13.5490. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. McCance D. J., Kopan R., Fuchs E., Laimins L. A. Human papillomavirus type 16 alters human epithelial cell differentiation in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Oct;85(19):7169–7173. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.19.7169. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Phelps W. C., Howley P. M. Transcriptional trans-activation by the human papillomavirus type 16 E2 gene product. J Virol. 1987 May;61(5):1630–1638. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.5.1630-1638.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Phelps W. C., Yee C. L., Münger K., Howley P. M. The human papillomavirus type 16 E7 gene encodes transactivation and transformation functions similar to those of adenovirus E1A. Cell. 1988 May 20;53(4):539–547. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90570-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Schlegel R., Phelps W. C., Zhang Y. L., Barbosa M. Quantitative keratinocyte assay detects two biological activities of human papillomavirus DNA and identifies viral types associated with cervical carcinoma. EMBO J. 1988 Oct;7(10):3181–3187. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03185.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Schwarz E., Dürst M., Demankowski C., Lattermann O., Zech R., Wolfsperger E., Suhai S., zur Hausen H. DNA sequence and genome organization of genital human papillomavirus type 6b. EMBO J. 1983;2(12):2341–2348. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01744.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Schüle R., Muller M., Kaltschmidt C., Renkawitz R. Many transcription factors interact synergistically with steroid receptors. Science. 1988 Dec 9;242(4884):1418–1420. doi: 10.1126/science.3201230. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Seedorf K., Krämmer G., Dürst M., Suhai S., Röwekamp W. G. Human papillomavirus type 16 DNA sequence. Virology. 1985 Aug;145(1):181–185. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90214-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Sharma A., Bos T. J., Pekkala-Flagan A., Vogt P. K., Lee A. S. Interaction of cellular factors related to the Jun oncoprotein with the promoter of a replication-dependent hamster histone H3.2 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jan;86(2):491–495. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.2.491. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Smotkin D., Prokoph H., Wettstein F. O. Oncogenic and nononcogenic human genital papillomaviruses generate the E7 mRNA by different mechanisms. J Virol. 1989 Mar;63(3):1441–1447. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.3.1441-1447.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Squinto S. P., Block A. L., Doucet J. P. Epidermal growth factor induction of cellular proliferation and protooncogene expression in growth-arrested rat H4IIE hepatoma cells: role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Mol Endocrinol. 1989 Mar;3(3):433–446. doi: 10.1210/mend-3-3-433. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Storey A., Pim D., Murray A., Osborn K., Banks L., Crawford L. Comparison of the in vitro transforming activities of human papillomavirus types. EMBO J. 1988 Jun;7(6):1815–1820. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03013.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Strähle U., Klock G., Schütz G. A DNA sequence of 15 base pairs is sufficient to mediate both glucocorticoid and progesterone induction of gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Nov;84(22):7871–7875. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.22.7871. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Swift F. V., Bhat K., Younghusband H. B., Hamada H. Characterization of a cell type-specific enhancer found in the human papilloma virus type 18 genome. EMBO J. 1987 May;6(5):1339–1344. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02373.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Tanaka A., Noda T., Yajima H., Hatanaka M., Ito Y. Identification of a transforming gene of human papillomavirus type 16. J Virol. 1989 Mar;63(3):1465–1469. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.3.1465-1469.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Thalmeier K., Synovzik H., Mertz R., Winnacker E. L., Lipp M. Nuclear factor E2F mediates basic transcription and trans-activation by E1a of the human MYC promoter. Genes Dev. 1989 Apr;3(4):527–536. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.4.527. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Vogt P. K., Bos T. J. The oncogene jun and nuclear signalling. Trends Biochem Sci. 1989 May;14(5):172–175. doi: 10.1016/0968-0004(89)90268-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Wasylyk B., Imler J. L., Chatton B., Schatz C., Wasylyk C. Negative and positive factors determine the activity of the polyoma virus enhancer alpha domain in undifferentiated and differentiated cell types. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Nov;85(21):7952–7956. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.21.7952. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Wu T. C., Mounts P. Transcriptional regulatory elements in the noncoding region of human papillomavirus type 6. J Virol. 1988 Dec;62(12):4722–4729. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.12.4722-4729.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Nucleic Acids Research are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES