Abstract
DNA fragments containing the sequence CG(AT)nCG have been used in footprinting experiments to assess the effect of echinomycin, which binds to CG steps, on the structure of the central AT region. DNAase I normally cuts ApT much better than TpA; in the presence of the drug this preference is retained but cleavage at TpA is enhanced. Changes in cleavage by micrococcal nuclease have also been observed. Echinomycin renders alternate adenines hyperreactive to diethylpyrocarbonate. The results suggest that echinomycin induces structural changes in regions surrounding its binding site and that these can be cooperatively propagated over several turns of the DNA helix.
Full text
PDF






Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Fox K. R., Davies H., Adams G. R., Portugal J., Waring M. J. Sequence-specific binding of luzopeptin to DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Mar 25;16(6):2489–2507. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.6.2489. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fox K. R., Waring M. J. DNA structural variations produced by actinomycin and distamycin as revealed by DNAase I footprinting. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Dec 21;12(24):9271–9285. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.24.9271. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fox K. R., Waring M. J. The use of micrococcal nuclease as a probe for drug-binding sites on DNA. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987 Jul 14;909(2):145–155. doi: 10.1016/0167-4781(87)90036-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gao X. L., Patel D. J. NMR studies of echinomycin bisintercalation complexes with d(A1-C2-G3-T4) and d(T1-C2-G3-A4) duplexes in aqueous solution: sequence-dependent formation of Hoogsteen A1.T4 and Watson--Crick T1.A4 base pairs flanking the bisintercalation site. Biochemistry. 1988 Mar 8;27(5):1744–1751. doi: 10.1021/bi00405a054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gilbert D. E., van der Marel G. A., van Boom J. H., Feigon J. Unstable Hoogsteen base pairs adjacent to echinomycin binding sites within a DNA duplex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 May;86(9):3006–3010. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.9.3006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Huang Y. Q., Rehfuss R. P., LaPlante S. R., Boudreau E., Borer P. N., Lane M. J. Actinomycin D induced DNase I cleavage enhancement caused by sequence specific propagation of an altered DNA structure. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Dec 9;16(23):11125–11139. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.23.11125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jeppesen C., Nielsen P. E. Detection of intercalation-induced changes in DNA structure by reaction with diethyl pyrocarbonate or potassium permanganate. Evidence against the induction of Hoogsteen base pairing by echinomycin. FEBS Lett. 1988 Apr 11;231(1):172–176. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80725-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klug A., Jack A., Viswamitra M. A., Kennard O., Shakked Z., Steitz T. A. A hypothesis on a specific sequence-dependent conformation of DNA and its relation to the binding of the lac-repressor protein. J Mol Biol. 1979 Jul 15;131(4):669–680. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(79)90196-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lane M. J., Laplante S., Rehfuss R. P., Borer P. N., Cantor C. R. Actinomycin D facilitates transition of AT domains in molecules of sequence (AT)nAGCT(AT)n to a DNAse I detectable alternating structure. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Jan 26;15(2):839–852. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.2.839. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Low C. M., Drew H. R., Waring M. J. Sequence-specific binding of echinomycin to DNA: evidence for conformational changes affecting flanking sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Jun 25;12(12):4865–4879. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.12.4865. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McClellan J. A., Palecek E., Lilley D. M. (A-T)n tracts embedded in random sequence DNA--formation of a structure which is chemically reactive and torsionally deformable. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Dec 9;14(23):9291–9309. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.23.9291. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McLean M. J., Waring M. J. Chemical probes reveal no evidence of Hoogsteen base pairing in complexes formed between echinomycin and DNA in solution. J Mol Recognit. 1988 Jun;1(3):138–151. doi: 10.1002/jmr.300010307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mendel D., Dervan P. B. Hoogsteen base pairs proximal and distal to echinomycin binding sites on DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Feb;84(4):910–914. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.4.910. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Portugal J., Fox K. R., McLean M. J., Richenberg J. L., Waring M. J. Diethyl pyrocarbonate can detect a modified DNA structure induced by the binding of quinoxaline antibiotics. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 May 11;16(9):3655–3670. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.9.3655. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Suggs J. W., Wagner R. W. Nuclease recognition of an alternating structure in a d(AT)14 plasmid insert. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 May 12;14(9):3703–3716. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.9.3703. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ughetto G., Wang A. H., Quigley G. J., van der Marel G. A., van Boom J. H., Rich A. A comparison of the structure of echinomycin and triostin A complexed to a DNA fragment. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Apr 11;13(7):2305–2323. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.7.2305. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Van Dyke M. M., Dervan P. B. Echinomycin binding sites on DNA. Science. 1984 Sep 14;225(4667):1122–1127. doi: 10.1126/science.6089341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wakelin S. P., Waring M. J. The binding of echinomycin to deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochem J. 1976 Sep 1;157(3):721–740. doi: 10.1042/bj1570721. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wang A. H., Ughetto G., Quigley G. J., Hakoshima T., van der Marel G. A., van Boom J. H., Rich A. The molecular structure of a DNA-triostin A complex. Science. 1984 Sep 14;225(4667):1115–1121. doi: 10.1126/science.6474168. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ward B., Rehfuss R., Goodisman J., Dabrowiak J. C. Rate enhancements in the DNase I footprinting experiment. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Feb 25;16(4):1359–1369. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.4.1359. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Waring M. J., Wakelin L. P. Echinomycin: a bifunctional intercalating antibiotic. Nature. 1974 Dec 20;252(5485):653–657. doi: 10.1038/252653a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yanisch-Perron C., Vieira J., Messing J. Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains: nucleotide sequences of the M13mp18 and pUC19 vectors. Gene. 1985;33(1):103–119. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(85)90120-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]