Skip to main content
PMC home page
Nucleic Acids Research logoLink to Nucleic Acids Research
. 1990 Apr 25;18(8):2037–2044. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.8.2037

Identification of trans-dominant HIV-1 rev protein mutants by direct transfer of bacterially produced proteins into human cells.

B Mermer 1, B K Felber 1, M Campbell 1, G N Pavlakis 1
PMCID: PMC330680  PMID: 2186373

Abstract

A synthetic rev gene containing substitutions which introduced unique restriction sites but did not alter the deduced amino acid sequence was used as a vehicle to construct mutations in rev. Insertion or substitution mutations within a domain of Rev resulted in proteins able to inhibit the function of Rev protein in trans. Rev function was monitored in a cell line, HLfB, which contained a rev- mutant provirus. HLfB cells require the presence of rev for virus production, which was conveniently monitored by immunoblot detection of p24gag. Trans-dominant mutants were identified after expression in bacteria and delivery into HLfB cells by protoplast fusion. In addition, the trans-dominant phenotype was verified by expression of the mutant proteins in HLfB cells after cotransfection. These studies define a region between amino acid residues 81 and 88 of rev, in which different mutations result in proteins capable of inhibiting Rev function.

Full text

PDF
2037

Images in this article

2040Image
on p.2040
2040Image
on p.2040
2041Image
on p.2041
2042Image
on p.2042

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Arya S. K., Guo C., Josephs S. F., Wong-Staal F. Trans-activator gene of human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III). Science. 1985 Jul 5;229(4708):69–73. doi: 10.1126/science.2990040. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bukhari A. I., Zipser D. Mutants of Escherichia coli with a defect in the degradation of nonsense fragments. Nat New Biol. 1973 Jun 20;243(129):238–241. doi: 10.1038/newbio243238a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Cochrane A. W., Chen C. H., Kramer R., Tomchak L., Rosen C. A. Purification of biologically active human immunodeficiency virus rev protein from Escherichia coli. Virology. 1989 Nov;173(1):335–337. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90252-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Cochrane A., Kramer R., Ruben S., Levine J., Rosen C. A. The human immunodeficiency virus rev protein is a nuclear phosphoprotein. Virology. 1989 Jul;171(1):264–266. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90535-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Colbère-Garapin F., Ryhiner M. L., Stephany I., Kourilsky P., Garapin A. C. Patterns of integration of exogenous DNA sequences transfected into mammalian cells of primate and rodent origin. Gene. 1986;50(1-3):279–288. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90332-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Cullen B. R., Hauber J., Campbell K., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A., Rosen C. A. Subcellular localization of the human immunodeficiency virus trans-acting art gene product. J Virol. 1988 Jul;62(7):2498–2501. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.7.2498-2501.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cullen B. R. Trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus occurs via a bimodal mechanism. Cell. 1986 Sep 26;46(7):973–982. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90696-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dayton A. I., Terwilliger E. F., Potz J., Kowalski M., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A. Cis-acting sequences responsive to the rev gene product of the human immunodeficiency virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1988;1(5):441–452. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Emerman M., Vazeux R., Peden K. The rev gene product of the human immunodeficiency virus affects envelope-specific RNA localization. Cell. 1989 Jun 30;57(7):1155–1165. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90053-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Feinberg M. B., Jarrett R. F., Aldovini A., Gallo R. C., Wong-Staal F. HTLV-III expression and production involve complex regulation at the levels of splicing and translation of viral RNA. Cell. 1986 Sep 12;46(6):807–817. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90062-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Felber B. K., Hadzopoulou-Cladaras M., Cladaras C., Copeland T., Pavlakis G. N. rev protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 affects the stability and transport of the viral mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Mar;86(5):1495–1499. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.5.1495. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Felber B. K., Paskalis H., Kleinman-Ewing C., Wong-Staal F., Pavlakis G. N. The pX protein of HTLV-I is a transcriptional activator of its long terminal repeats. Science. 1985 Aug 16;229(4714):675–679. doi: 10.1126/science.2992082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Friedman A. D., Triezenberg S. J., McKnight S. L. Expression of a truncated viral trans-activator selectively impedes lytic infection by its cognate virus. Nature. 1988 Sep 29;335(6189):452–454. doi: 10.1038/335452a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Giam C. Z., Nerenberg M., Khoury G., Jay G. Expression of the complete human T-cell leukemia virus type I pX coding sequence as a functional protein in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Oct;83(19):7192–7196. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.19.7192. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Goh W. C., Rosen C., Sodroski J., Ho D. D., Haseltine W. A. Identification of a protein encoded by the trans activator gene tatIII of human T-cell lymphotropic retrovirus type III. J Virol. 1986 Jul;59(1):181–184. doi: 10.1128/jvi.59.1.181-184.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Graham F. L., van der Eb A. J. A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology. 1973 Apr;52(2):456–467. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90341-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Hadzopoulou-Cladaras M., Felber B. K., Cladaras C., Athanassopoulos A., Tse A., Pavlakis G. N. The rev (trs/art) protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 affects viral mRNA and protein expression via a cis-acting sequence in the env region. J Virol. 1989 Mar;63(3):1265–1274. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.3.1265-1274.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hammarskjöld M. L., Heimer J., Hammarskjöld B., Sangwan I., Albert L., Rekosh D. Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus env expression by the rev gene product. J Virol. 1989 May;63(5):1959–1966. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.5.1959-1966.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hauber J., Perkins A., Heimer E. P., Cullen B. R. Trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression is mediated by nuclear events. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Sep;84(18):6364–6368. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.18.6364. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Hizi A., McGill C., Hughes S. H. Expression of soluble, enzymatically active, human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase in Escherichia coli and analysis of mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Feb;85(4):1218–1222. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.4.1218. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680–685. doi: 10.1038/227680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Malim M. H., Böhnlein S., Hauber J., Cullen B. R. Functional dissection of the HIV-1 Rev trans-activator--derivation of a trans-dominant repressor of Rev function. Cell. 1989 Jul 14;58(1):205–214. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90416-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Malim M. H., Hauber J., Le S. Y., Maizel J. V., Cullen B. R. The HIV-1 rev trans-activator acts through a structured target sequence to activate nuclear export of unspliced viral mRNA. Nature. 1989 Mar 16;338(6212):254–257. doi: 10.1038/338254a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Mermer B., Malamy M., Coffin J. M. Rous sarcoma virus contains sequences which permit expression of the gag gene in Escherichia coli. Mol Cell Biol. 1983 Oct;3(10):1746–1758. doi: 10.1128/mcb.3.10.1746. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Muesing M. A., Smith D. H., Capon D. J. Regulation of mRNA accumulation by a human immunodeficiency virus trans-activator protein. Cell. 1987 Feb 27;48(4):691–701. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90247-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Perkins A., Cochrane A. W., Ruben S. M., Rosen C. A. Structural and functional characterization of the human immunodeficiency virus rev protein. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1989;2(3):256–263. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Peterlin B. M., Luciw P. A., Barr P. J., Walker M. D. Elevated levels of mRNA can account for the trans-activation of human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Dec;83(24):9734–9738. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.24.9734. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Ptashne M. How eukaryotic transcriptional activators work. Nature. 1988 Oct 20;335(6192):683–689. doi: 10.1038/335683a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Rassoulzadegan M., Binetruy B., Cuzin F. High frequency of gene transfer after fusion between bacteria and eukaryotic cells. Nature. 1982 Jan 21;295(5846):257–259. doi: 10.1038/295257a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Rosen C. A., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A. The location of cis-acting regulatory sequences in the human T cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) long terminal repeat. Cell. 1985 Jul;41(3):813–823. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80062-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Rosen C. A., Terwilliger E., Dayton A., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A. Intragenic cis-acting art gene-responsive sequences of the human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Apr;85(7):2071–2075. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.7.2071. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Sandri-Goldin R. M., Goldin A. L., Levine M., Glorioso J. C. High-frequency transfer of cloned herpes simplex virus type 1 sequences to mammalian cells by protoplast fusion. Mol Cell Biol. 1981 Aug;1(8):743–752. doi: 10.1128/mcb.1.8.743. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Schaffner W. Direct transfer of cloned genes from bacteria to mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Apr;77(4):2163–2167. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.4.2163. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Sodroski J., Goh W. C., Rosen C., Campbell K., Haseltine W. A. Role of the HTLV-III/LAV envelope in syncytium formation and cytopathicity. 1986 Jul 31-Aug 6Nature. 322(6078):470–474. doi: 10.1038/322470a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Sodroski J., Goh W. C., Rosen C., Dayton A., Terwilliger E., Haseltine W. A second post-transcriptional trans-activator gene required for HTLV-III replication. Nature. 1986 May 22;321(6068):412–417. doi: 10.1038/321412a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Sodroski J., Patarca R., Rosen C., Wong-Staal F., Haseltine W. Location of the trans-activating region on the genome of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III. Science. 1985 Jul 5;229(4708):74–77. doi: 10.1126/science.2990041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Southern P. J., Berg P. Transformation of mammalian cells to antibiotic resistance with a bacterial gene under control of the SV40 early region promoter. J Mol Appl Genet. 1982;1(4):327–341. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Weiss R. L. Protoplast formation in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1976 Nov;128(2):668–670. doi: 10.1128/jb.128.2.668-670.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Wright C. M., Felber B. K., Paskalis H., Pavlakis G. N. Expression and characterization of the trans-activator of HTLV-III/LAV virus. Science. 1986 Nov 21;234(4779):988–992. doi: 10.1126/science.3490693. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Yoakum G. H., Korba B. E., Lechner J. F., Tokiwa T., Gazdar A. F., Seeley T., Siegel M., Leeman L., Autrup H., Harris C. C. High-frequency transfection and cytopathology of the hepatitis B virus core antigen gene in human cells. Science. 1983 Oct 28;222(4622):385–389. doi: 10.1126/science.6194563. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Nucleic Acids Research are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES