Skip to main content
Nucleic Acids Research logoLink to Nucleic Acids Research
. 1990 Sep 11;18(17):5119–5126. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.17.5119

Properties of BGP1, a poly(dG)-binding protein from chicken erythrocytes.

S P Clark 1, C D Lewis 1, G Felsenfeld 1
PMCID: PMC332132  PMID: 2402439

Abstract

The chicken beta A-globin gene contains in the neighborhood of its 5' promoter a (dG)-homopolymer sequence 16 base pairs long. The 66 kD protein BGP1 (beta globin protein 1), isolated from chicken erythrocytes, has been shown to bind specifically to this sequence. We describe further purification of BGP1, measure its affinity for the beta A-globin promoter binding site, and analyze its binding properties. The minimal binding sequence is seven dG residues; methylation interference studies show that each of these residues contacts BGP1. Binding competition experiments employing (dG).(dC) oligomers of varying lengths also consistent with (dG)7 as a minimum recognition sequence. All of the data can be explained by a model in which BGP1 binds to any contiguous set of seven (dG) residues, so that the effective constant for binding to (dG)n is proportional to n minus 6. This behavior may be typical of proteins that bind specifically to repeated sequences.

Full text

PDF
5119

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bilofsky H. S., Burks C., Fickett J. W., Goad W. B., Lewitter F. I., Rindone W. P., Swindell C. D., Tung C. S. The GenBank genetic sequence databank. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Jan 10;14(1):1–4. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Briggs M. R., Kadonaga J. T., Bell S. P., Tjian R. Purification and biochemical characterization of the promoter-specific transcription factor, Sp1. Science. 1986 Oct 3;234(4772):47–52. doi: 10.1126/science.3529394. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Devereux J., Haeberli P., Smithies O. A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Jan 11;12(1 Pt 1):387–395. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.1part1.387. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Dierks P., van Ooyen A., Cochran M. D., Dobkin C., Reiser J., Weissmann C. Three regions upstream from the cap site are required for efficient and accurate transcription of the rabbit beta-globin gene in mouse 3T6 cells. Cell. 1983 Mar;32(3):695–706. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90055-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Dolan M., Dodgson J. B., Engel J. D. Analysis of the adult chicken beta-globin gene. Nucleotide sequence of the locus, microheterogeneity at the 5'-end of beta-globin mRNA, and aberrant nuclear RNA species. J Biol Chem. 1983 Mar 25;258(6):3983–3990. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Emerson B. M., Nickol J. M., Fong T. C. Erythroid-specific activation and derepression of the chick beta-globin promoter in vitro. Cell. 1989 Jun 30;57(7):1189–1200. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90056-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Evans T., DeChiara T., Efstratiadis A. A promoter of the rat insulin-like growth factor II gene consists of minimal control elements. J Mol Biol. 1988 Jan 5;199(1):61–81. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90379-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Evans T., Felsenfeld G. The erythroid-specific transcription factor Eryf1: a new finger protein. Cell. 1989 Sep 8;58(5):877–885. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90940-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Evans T., Reitman M., Felsenfeld G. An erythrocyte-specific DNA-binding factor recognizes a regulatory sequence common to all chicken globin genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug;85(16):5976–5980. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.16.5976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Fried M., Crothers D. M. Equilibria and kinetics of lac repressor-operator interactions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Dec 11;9(23):6505–6525. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.23.6505. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gallarda J. L., Foley K. P., Yang Z. Y., Engel J. D. The beta-globin stage selector element factor is erythroid-specific promoter/enhancer binding protein NF-E4. Genes Dev. 1989 Dec;3(12A):1845–1859. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.12a.1845. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Garner M. M., Revzin A. A gel electrophoresis method for quantifying the binding of proteins to specific DNA regions: application to components of the Escherichia coli lactose operon regulatory system. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Jul 10;9(13):3047–3060. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.13.3047. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Hamm G. H., Cameron G. N. The EMBL data library. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Jan 10;14(1):5–9. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.1.5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Jackson P. D., Evans T., Nickol J. M., Felsenfeld G. Developmental modulation of protein binding to beta-globin gene regulatory sites within chicken erythrocyte nuclei. Genes Dev. 1989 Dec;3(12A):1860–1873. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.12a.1860. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kefalas P., Gray F. C., Allan J. Precise nucleosome positioning in the promoter of the chicken beta A globin gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Jan 25;16(2):501–517. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.2.501. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kohwi-Shigematsu T., Kohwi Y. Poly(dG)-poly(dC) sequences, under torsional stress, induce an altered DNA conformation upon neighboring DNA sequences. Cell. 1985 Nov;43(1):199–206. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90024-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kohwi Y. Cationic metal-specific structures adopted by the poly(dG) region and the direct repeats in the chicken adult beta A globin gene promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Jun 26;17(12):4493–4502. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.12.4493. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Kohwi Y., Kohwi-Shigematsu T. Magnesium ion-dependent triple-helix structure formed by homopurine-homopyrimidine sequences in supercoiled plasmid DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jun;85(11):3781–3785. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.11.3781. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680–685. doi: 10.1038/227680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Larsen A., Weintraub H. An altered DNA conformation detected by S1 nuclease occurs at specific regions in active chick globin chromatin. Cell. 1982 Jun;29(2):609–622. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90177-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Lewis C. D., Clark S. P., Felsenfeld G., Gould H. An erythrocyte-specific protein that binds to the poly(dG) region of the chicken beta-globin gene promoter. Genes Dev. 1988 Jul;2(7):863–873. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.7.863. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Liu-Johnson H. N., Gartenberg M. R., Crothers D. M. The DNA binding domain and bending angle of E. coli CAP protein. Cell. 1986 Dec 26;47(6):995–1005. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90814-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):499–560. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65059-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. McGhee J. D., Wood W. I., Dolan M., Engel J. D., Felsenfeld G. A 200 base pair region at the 5' end of the chicken adult beta-globin gene is accessible to nuclease digestion. Cell. 1981 Nov;27(1 Pt 2):45–55. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90359-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Nickol J. M., Felsenfeld G. DNA conformation at the 5' end of the chicken adult beta-globin gene. Cell. 1983 Dec;35(2 Pt 1):467–477. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90180-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Plumb M. A., Lobanenkov V. V., Nicolas R. H., Wright C. A., Zavou S., Goodwin G. H. Characterisation of chicken erythroid nuclear proteins which bind to the nuclease hypersensitive regions upstream of the beta A- and beta H-globin genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Oct 10;14(19):7675–7693. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.19.7675. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Rosenfeld P. J., Kelly T. J. Purification of nuclear factor I by DNA recognition site affinity chromatography. J Biol Chem. 1986 Jan 25;261(3):1398–1408. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Siebenlist U., Simpson R. B., Gilbert W. E. coli RNA polymerase interacts homologously with two different promoters. Cell. 1980 Jun;20(2):269–281. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90613-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Stalder J., Larsen A., Engel J. D., Dolan M., Groudine M., Weintraub H. Tissue-specific DNA cleavages in the globin chromatin domain introduced by DNAase I. Cell. 1980 Jun;20(2):451–460. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90631-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Wray W., Boulikas T., Wray V. P., Hancock R. Silver staining of proteins in polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem. 1981 Nov 15;118(1):197–203. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(81)90179-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Wu C., Wilson S., Walker B., Dawid I., Paisley T., Zimarino V., Ueda H. Purification and properties of Drosophila heat shock activator protein. Science. 1987 Nov 27;238(4831):1247–1253. doi: 10.1126/science.3685975. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Nucleic Acids Research are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES