Neighbor-joining dendrogram of bird and human isolates, based on nucleotide variation at 6 conserved housekeeping loci in the Escherichia albertii genome (multilocus sequence typing), supporting identification of all isolates as E. albertii. Three distinct clades are designated EA 1–EA 3. No clustering of isolates is apparent on the basis of their host type, geographic origin, or association with disease. Inset is a SplitsTree phylogenetic network of the genus Escherichia, showing the E. albertii/Shigella boydii serotype 7/13 lineage with respect to the other named species. S. bongori, Salmonella bongori; S. enterica, Salmonella enterica. Scale bars indicate genetic distance.