Abstract
An 83-year-old Japanese man presented with a 2-month history of symptomatic nodules on the left hand. He was not in an immunocompromised condition and reported no causal events. A biopsy specimen demonstrated granulomatous tissue with mixed cell infiltration consisting of neutrophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and multinuclear giant cells. No bacillus was detected by PAS, acid-fast stain, immunofluorescent stain or polymerase chain reaction analysis. The isolate was found to be a rapidly growing mycobacterium after 4 weeks of incubation at 25°C on an Ogawa egg slant. Mycobacterium peregrinum was isolated by DNA-DNA hybridization analysis, 16S rRNA gene sequence, and by its production of 3-day arylsulfatase. The patient received 200 mg oral minocycline for 28 weeks. The lesion disappeared after 10 weeks of this treatment.
Key Words: Mycobacterium peregrinum, Rapidly growing mycobacterium, Skin, Therapy
Introduction
Mycobacterium (M.) peregrinum, an opportunistic, rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM), belongs to the M. fortuitum group. Because patients with cutaneous infection due to M. peregrinum are rare, the clinical information on this mycobacterium is limited [1, 2].
Case Report
An 83-year-old Japanese man presented with a 2-month history of symptomatic nodules on the left hand. He was not in an immunocompromised condition and reported no causal events related to infection, including preceding trauma, fish breeding or circulating bath. On examination, an erythematous plaque with an ulcer and pustules 3 cm in size was seen on the dorsal aspect of the left hand (fig. 1). The superficial lymph node was not palpable. The results of laboratory examinations were within the normal range. Chest X-ray ruled out any pulmonary problems. A biopsy specimen from the hand demonstrated granulomatous tissue with mixed cell infiltration consisting of neutrophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and multinuclear giant cells (fig. 2). No bacillus was detected by PAS, acid-fast stain, immunofluorescent stain or polymerase chain reaction analysis. The isolate was found to be an RGM after 4 weeks of incubation at 25°C on an Ogawa egg slant. M. peregrinum was isolated by DNA-DNA hybridization analysis, 16S rRNA gene sequence, and by its production of 3-day arylsulfatase [3].
Fig. 1.
Plaque with ulcer on the left hand.
Fig. 2.
Biopsy specimen demonstrated granulomatous tissue with mixed cell infiltration consisting of neutrophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and multinuclear giant cells.
The patient received 200 mg oral minocycline (MINO) for 28 weeks. The lesion progressively shrank during the treatment and then disappeared after 10 weeks of treatment, leaving only a few scars. No recurrence was observed 1 year after his first visit.
Discussion
In recent years, the pathogenic potential of RGM has gained attention. Although they are not usually pathogenic in humans, they can cause disease in individuals with or without an immunocompromised condition and in people who have had traumatic accidents, such as tsunami survivors with late-onset skin or soft-tissue infections [4]. M. abscessus and M. fortuitum are the most commonly detected RGM in skin infections, and M. peregrinum is rarely identified. Thus, the clinical information, especially regarding treatment, has not been fully examined. Table 1 lists the cases of M. peregrinum with skin lesions that have been reported [2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. There were no patients with immunocompromised conditions. All patients were successfully treated with combinations of sparfloxacin (SPFX) and MINO; amikacin (AMK), imipenem-cilastatin (IMP/CS) and levofloxacin (LVFX); AMK, clarithromycin (CAM) and ciprofloxacin (CPFX); and CAM and LVFX, except our patient, who was treated with MINO monotherapy. For treatment of infections caused by M. fortuitum group mycobacteria including M. peregrinum, the Johns Hopkins Antibiotics Guide recommends oral monotherapy with sulfonamide, doxycycline (DOXY), or CAM for limited or localized wound infections and the combination of at least 2 agents including AMK plus either a β-lactam or quinolone for severe infections of the skin, soft tissue or bone, and for pulmonary disease [9]. Han et al. [1] reported that antimicrobial susceptibility varied among the species of RGM. The results in 105 strains showed that AMK was most active against M. abscessus, M. chelonae and the M. fortuitum group. CAM was the second most active drug for most RGM, except in the case of M. fortuitum. Less than half of the strains showed susceptibility to DOXY and MINO, and none of the 6 strains of M. peregrinum or Clostridium septicum showed sensitivity to these 2 antibiotics. Because most of these strains were isolated from respiratory sources or blood cultures in cancer patients, the data might not apply to cases of skin infection in patients without an immunocompromised condition. Although monotherapy with MINO was effective in our case, combination therapy should be performed routinely. Further case reports involving clinical evaluations of antibiotics are necessary to determine an appropriate therapy for rare mycobacterial infections.
Table 1.
Patients with M. peregrinum skin lesions
| No. | Year | Age/sex | Country | Site of infection (causing event) | Location | Immuno-deficiency | Chronic disease | Antibiotics | Duration of treatment | Surgical procedure | Ref no. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1983 | NR | USA | after mammoplasty | NR | – | NR | NR | NR | NR | 5 |
| 2 | 1998 | 45/M | Japan | skin and soft tissue | left arm | – | – | SPFX, MINO | 15 weeks | – | 2 |
| 3 | 1998 | NR | France | skin and soft tissue (subcutaneous insulin infusion) | NR | – | NR | NR | NR | NR | 6 |
| 4 | 1999 | >65/F | Japan | skin | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 10 |
| 5 | 2003 | 67/F | Japan | skin | back of left hand | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | 11 |
| 6 | 2006 | NR | Spain | skin and soft tissue (mesotherapy) | NR | – | NR | CPFX | 3-4 months | – | 7 |
| 7 | 2009 | 58/F | Japan | skin and soft tissue (reconstruction of abdominal wall) | right chest wall | – | NR | AMK, IMP/CS, LVFX | 5 weeks | removal of artificial sheet | 8 |
| 8 | 2008 | 40/M | Sweden | skin | NR | – | NR | AMK, CAM, CPFX | 3–6 months? | suture | 4 |
| 9 | 2011 | 78/M | Japan | skin | back of right hand | – | chronic gastritis | CAM, LVFX | 12 weeks | – | 12 |
| Present case | 2011 | 83/M | Japan | skin | back of left hand | – | hypertension | MINO | 28 weeks | – | |
NR = Not recorded.
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