Table 3. Gymnast Percent Advantages Relative to Non-gymnast Means (Current study: 2 factor ANCOVA, menarche x gymnast status; all studies adjusted for height and weight).
| DXA Hip Structural Analysis Variable |
Current Study (pre and post- menarche) n= 96 GYM; 77 NON |
Faulkner et al. (pre-menarche) n= 30 GYM; 30 NON |
Maimoun et al. (pre and post-menarche) n= 23 GYM; 23 NON |
|---|---|---|---|
| FN Area (cm2) | −2.6%* | -- | -- |
| FN BMC (g) | +9.6%*** | 13.3%*** | -- |
| FN aBMD (g/cm2) | +12.9%*** | -- | +18.0%*** |
| HAL (mm) | +1.7% (0.05) | -- | +2.2% NS |
|
Shaft Neck Angle (°) |
−1.3%*; Interaction* | +1.4% NS | |
| NN aBMD (g/cm2) | +14.5%*** | +18.9%*** | -- |
| NN Width (cm) | −4.1%*** | −4.7%* | −2.3% NS |
| NN CT (cm) | +16.4%*** | -- | +26.6%*** |
| NN ED (cm) | −7.2%*** | −7.9%* | −6.2% NS |
| NN cCSA (cm2) | +9.4%*** | +12.6%** | +19.8%*** |
| NN Z (cm3) | +9.9%*** | +9.3%** | +19.2%*** |
| NN BR | −19.0%*** | -- | −21.3%** |
| NN CSMI (cm4) | +3.4% NS | +4.1% NS | +12.9% NS |
*
= p<0.05
**
= p≤0.01 (Faulkner, p<0.02)
***
= p≤0.001.
Results are presented for gymnasts relative to non-gymnasts as the zero reference.
Main effect for gymnast vs. non-gymnast difference is presented, as no significant interactions were detected between gymnast status and menarche status for any variable except shaft neck angle (current study, interaction p=0.02, preNON > preGYM; preNON >postNON; preGYM ≈ postGYM ≈ postNON).
Data are not corrected for fan beam magnification error.