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. 2012 Apr 19;2012:615318. doi: 10.1100/2012/615318

A New Record for Occurrence of Symphodus bailloni (Osteichthyes: Perciformes: Labridae) in the Western Black Sea Coast of Turkey

Didem Göktürk 1,*, F Saadet Karakulak 1, Nuran Ünsal 2, Abdullah E Kahraman 1
PMCID: PMC3345905  PMID: 22593703

Abstract

The fish species Symphodus bailloni (Valenciennes, 1839) reported in the present study were collected between June 2010 and June 2011 from the western Black Sea coasts which were previously not recorded from the Black Sea coast of Turkey. A total of 717 specimens of S. bailloni were measured, ranging between 8.9 and 15.4 cm TL. Morphometrics, meristics, and diagnostic characteristics of the species are presented.

1. Introduction

Symphodus spp. are perciform fishes that belong to the Labridae family (wrasses) which is very large teleost family [1], third in number of species after Gobiidae and Serranidae [2]. Nelson [3] estimated the number of valid labrid species as 500 in about 60 genera; Allen [4] comprises 69 genera and ca. 500 species. Parenti and Randall [2] published an annotated checklist including 68 genera and 453 valid species. After the publication of the annotated checklist by Parenti and Randall [2], the species of Labridae increased from 453 to 504 and genera from 68 to 70 [5]. According to Hanel et al. [6] there are 580 species in 82 genera distributed in tropical and temperate marine waters around the world. Wrasses show strong sexual dichromatism [7, 8]. The color pattern may differ dramatically from juvenile to adult and with sex [2]. The species of the genus Symphodus have also generally an important sexual dimorphism [9]. In the past, the systematic of labrids was imprecise, with some genus misdescribed, and with the species' number changing constantly. This was due to the polymorphism that is common in this group of fishes [10]. Several studies mention the common misidentification of wrasses [11–14]. As suggested by Wheeler and Clark [11], S. bailloni can be misidentified/confused with S. melops. On the other hand, in previous studies, S. melops was recorded in the Aegean Sea [15–17].

The distribution of Symphodus (Crenilabrus) bailloni (Valenciennes, 1839) ranges, in the coastal waters of the eastern Atlantic, from Mauritania to the English Channel [18] and the southern North Sea, and throughout the western Mediterranean (off the coast of Spain and the Balearic Islands) [19]. Reuter [20] reported a specimen in the southern North Sea and Nijssen and Groot [21] had records of occurrence on the Dutch coast. Wheeler and Clark [11] described records of occurrence of the species around the British Isles, which are, briefly, near the Channel Islands in 1979 (1 specimen) and 1981 (2 specimens), on Swarte Bank in the southern North Sea in 1967 (1 specimen), off the Dutch coast (1 specimen each in 1967, 1968, 1972, and 1973), and off the coast of Galway, Ireland in 1982 (1 specimen). Although Wheeler and Clark [11] postulated that Symphodus bailloni may occur on the south and southwestern coasts of Britain, Dunn and Brown's report [22] appears to be the first actual record of the species on the south coast of England. S. bailloni is also reported to be a Lusitanian species in the Northern Europe fish fauna [11, 22]. Although there is no precise information available on its habitat [23], S. bailloni has been found at depths of 1–50 m mainly near rocks, in sea grass and eel-grass beds and maerl [11, 24, 25] and known as poorly studied species [22].

Symphodus bailloni (Valenciennes, 1839) reported in the present study were collected from the western Black Sea (coastal waters of Turkey) and it was not previously recorded from this area. The aim of this study is to report the new record for the occurrence of S. bailloni in the Black Sea.

2. Materials and Methods

S. bailloni were captured during a gillnet selectivity survey in the Western Black Sea. Study was carried out monthly from June 2010 to June 2011 in the Western Black Sea (Figure 1). The sampling was conducted by gillnets (100 m long—17, 18, 20 mm nominal bar length) on rocky, sandy, and muddy bottoms within 4.5 and 28 m depths. Surface water temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen were recorded once during each tow. The specimen of S. bailloni was identified following the nomenclature reported in Whitehead et al. [26] as well as the morphometric measurements and meristic counts of fish specimens. Total length (TL) was measured to the nearest full cm below and the measurements of head length and body depth taken with a digital calliper to the nearest 0.1 mm. Lateral line scales and gill rakers were counted using an image analysis system (Leica DFC295 camera attached Leica S8APO stereomicroscope with LAS software). The physical and chemical characteristics in the studied area were monitored including, dissolved oxygen, salinity and temperature. Salinity values ranged from 12.3 ppt to 15.4 ppt. Dissolved oxygen values ranged from 6.44 to 11.84 mg/L. Temperature values varied between 7.2°C and 29.1°C.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Study area: The Western Black Sea.

3. Results

A total of 717 specimens of S. bailloni were measured, ranging between 8.9 and 15.4 cm TL (Figure 2). 20 specimens were chosen to make the morphometric measurements and meristic counts of S. bailloni and done based on Whitehead et al. [26]. The individuals had all the distinguishing features of the species, including metric and meristic characters that agree with those reported for the species. For field identification, we found that three anal spines, a serrated preoperculum, a dark blotch at the base of the beginning of the soft dorsal fin, and a smaller dark spot at the end of the soft dorsal fin, a dark spot at the caudal peduncle are characteristic features for S. bailloni. Distance between base of second dorsal spiny ray and lateral line is not smaller than half length of soft part of dorsal fin. This is the main difference point of S. bailloni from S. roissali. As seen in Figure 3 general appearances and some diagnostic features of S. bailloni are as follows.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Total length-frequency distribution of Symphodus bailloni.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Symphodus bailloni, 13.1 cm standard length, from western Black Sea coast of Turkey.

  • Symphodus bailloni (Valenciennes, 1839).

  • Materials examined: June 2010–June 2011, 717 specimens, Length: 8.9–15.4 cm TL.

  • Diagnostic characteristics (20 specimens were chosen): head length is shorter than body depth. Preorbital shorter than postorbital. Teeth rather small (3–5/5–8). Dorsal fin rays XV + 9-10; anal fin rays III 9-10; pelvic fin rays 13-14; ventral fin rays I + 5; caudal fin rays 15.

  • Scales along lateral line 33–37, rows of scales on cheek 2-3 (Figure 4(a)), behind eye 1 (Figure 4(b)). 12–14 gillrakers on the first branchial arch. 67–86 cephalic pores on snout. Vertebrae 31–33.

  • Color: a dark spot on caudal peduncle and another brown-black spot on beginning of soft part of dorsal fin, and a smaller dark spot at the end of the soft dorsal fin. 5 vertical dark brown patches on upper part of flanks, reaching belly and anal fin. Usually, the color of body reddish brown or greenish-reddish brown. In our case generally the variation of color depends on the environment especially in laboratory or on board. The photo of S. bailloni which is shown in Figure 5 was taken from the surve on board.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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(a) Rows of scales on cheek. (b) Rows of scales behind eye.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Symphodus bailloni, from western Black Sea coast of Turkey (on board).

4. Discussion

Our aim is to report the Symphodus bailloni, which is unrecorded fish species for Western Black Sea. Of all the inland seas such as the White Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea is mostly isolated from the world oceans. It is a semiclosed basin with relatively great depths, and high bioproductivity of the shelf zone [27–29]. The most remarkable feature of the Black Sea is that nearly 87 percent of the Black Sea water volume is anoxic [28, 30, 31] and it contains high levels of the hydrogen sulphide [32–34]. Compared with the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. It has lower salinity levels [31, 32], salinity ranges from 17 to 22%; in the Black Sea [35]. Fresh water inputs coming from the big rivers and exchange of the Mediterranean water via the Bosphorus are critical elements in the hydrography and ecosystem of the Black Sea [30].

The Black sea is inhabited by 168 species, from which 144 are typically marine ones, and 24 diadromous or partly anadromous [28, 36, 37]. In the Turkish coasts of the Black Sea, Erazi [38] reported 128 fish species, Kocataş et al. [39] 150 species, Mater and Meriç [16] 138 species, Öztürk [40] 140 species, and Bilecenoğlu et al. [41] 151 species. The composition of the Black Sea ichthyofauna has changed in response to alterations in living conditions in the sea. Some of the changes had an impact on coastal and shelf waters, others on the pelagic zone, affecting common and rare species, fry and adults, commercial and noncommercial species [30]. For several decades, the ecosystem of the Black Sea has been changing mainly from the human activities [42–48], and consequently the new species enter to this basin [49–52]. For the time being, there are about 60 alien species in the Black Sea [53].

The habitat preferences of S. bailloni are poorly known. It was reported that S. bailloni was caught as the most common species in the particular habitat of the Solent Estuaries (English Channel) where the salinity levels were low [22]. In addition, Rodrigues [23] indicated that the types of habitat at Professor Luiz Saldanha Marine Park (Portugal) were rocky, sandy, and sea-grass beds. In this study, the habitat where our research was carried out have low salinity levels as well as several bottom types such as rocky, muddy, sandy, and partly sea-grass beds. Similarly, Dunn and Brown [22], and Rodrigues [23] indicated in their studies that the types of habitat were similar to those of our habitat. Therefore, it can be safely concluded that this species prefer the habitat in which the salinity levels are low.

There are no any comprehensive studies regarding the ichthyofauna, especially on labridae, of the Turkish coasts of the Black Sea. This study is the first record for S. bailloni in the Black Sea, and it was observed that S. bailloni is the most abundant species, of all the other Symphodus species (S. ocellatus, S. roissali, and S. tinca). It has been well known that many exotic species such as Mnemiopsis leidyi, Mugil soiuy, Rapana thomasiana, and Balanus improvisus, has entered and distributed/spread in the Black Sea due to human activities (ballast waters, aquaculture, etc.). In our study, it was found that the occurrence of relatively high numbers of S. bailloni in the Western Black Sea is noteworthy. Thus, this species has been considered to be placed in this region as a resident population. This report appears to be the first record of the species on the north coast of Turkey (Black Sea). Furthermore, there is a lack of information on age and growth, sexual maturity, diet composition, and reproduction biology of this species. It is clear that the biological and ecological studies on S. bailloni to be carried out in the future will contribute to the Black Sea biodiversity.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to give their special thanks to the captain and crew of the Şaşmazoğlu fishing vessel “Mahmut Şaşmaz and Burhan Şaşmaz” for their help. The authors would like to thank Ali Sinan Kömürcü (M.S. student) for his help, interest, and valuable contribution during the whole study. They also would like to thank Res. Ass. Kenan Fuat Türetken for the Leica photos and Dinçer İnce for his help during the study. They also wish to thank Res. Ass. Uğur Uzer and Taner Yıldız. This work was supported by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University: Project no. 4192.

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