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. 2012 Apr 24;2012:713149. doi: 10.1155/2012/713149

Chinese Medicine Shenfu Injection for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Song Wen-Ting 1, Cheng Fa-Feng 2, Xu Li 1, Lin Cheng-Ren 1, Liu Jian-Xun 1,*
PMCID: PMC3348640  PMID: 22611430

Abstract

Objective. Heart failure (HF) is a global public health problem. Early literature studies manifested that Shenfu injection (SFI) is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese patent medicine for HF in China. This article intended to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of SFI for HF. Methods. An extensive search was performed within 6 English and Chinese electronic database up to November 2011. Ninety-nine randomized controlled trails (RCTs) were collected, irrespective of languages. Two authors extracted data and assessed the trial quality independently. RevMan 5.0.2 was used for data analysis. Results. Compared with routine treatment and/or device support, SFI combined with routine treatment and/or device support showed better effect on clinical effect rate, mortality, heart rate, NT-proBNP and 6-minute walk distance. Results in ultrasonic cardiography also showed that SFI combined with routine treatment improved heart function of HF patients. There were no significant difference in blood pressure between SFI and routine treatment groups. Adverse events were reported in thirteen trails with thirteen specific symptoms, while no serious adverse effect was reported. Conclusion. SFI appear to be effective for treating HF. However, further rigorously designed RCTs are warranted because of insufficient methodological rigor in the majority of included trials.

1. Introduction

Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of death, hospitalization, and rehospitalization worldwide. Despite advances in the treatment of HF, including use of drugs, devices, and heart transplantation, the condition remains associated with substantial morbidity and mortality [1].

International cooperation research program on cardiovascular disease in Asia showed that, on a total of 15,518 Chinese adults (35–74 years old) survey, the prevalence of HF was 0.9%, 0.7% for the males, and 1.0% for the females [2]. In the United States, HF incidence approaches 10 per 1,000 of the population over 65 years of age [3]. A report from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) indicated at least 10 million patients with HF in these representing countries with a population of over 900 million. Half of the HF patients will die within 4 years, and more than half of those with severe HF will die within 1 year [4].

At present, the conventional therapeutic approaches in HF management include angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, β-blockers, and diuretics. Although several of them have led to an important effectiveness, HF remains the leading cardiovascular disease with an increasing hospitalization burden and an ongoing drain on health care expenditure [5]. Therefore, it remains necessary to search alternative and complementary treatment, in which Traditional Chinese Medicine takes a good proportion [6].

In TCM theory, pathogenesis of HF is related to deficiency of heart yang and heart qi and stasis of blood and excessive water (fluid), as well as interaction within these pathological factors. Under physiological conditions, yang can promote water metabolism, while qi can accelerate blood circulation, so yang and qi are the vital elements for human body to maintain life activity. TCM theory holds that patients suffered from HF are in deficiency of heart yang and qi for a long course, which directly leads to excessive fluid retention and blood stasis (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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TCM theory on heart failure and Shenfu injection.

Two Chinese herbal medicines, namely, Radix Ginseng (ginseng) and Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata (prepared aconite root), are used in treating HF over 2000 years. Ginseng invigorates qi, while prepared aconite root can warm and strengthen yang and lead to diuresis. Long-term clinical practice has proved that compatibility of ginseng and prepared aconite root can effectively ameliorate patients' symptom of HF and improve quality of life (Figure 1).

Shenfu injection (SFI) has been used in treating cardiac diseases for a long time in China [7]. The main active components of SFI are extraction of traditional Chinese herbs, namely, ginsenosides and higenamine. Modern pharmacological research shows that ginsenosides can improve ischemic myocardium metabolism, scavenge free radicals, protect myocardial ultrastructure, and reduce Ca2+ overload, and higenamine can enhance heart contractility, improve coronary circulation, and decrease the effect of acute myocardial ischemia [8].

Currently, SFI used alone or integrated with routine treatments has been widely accepted as an effective method for the treatment of HF in China. Many clinical studies reported the effectiveness ranging from case reports and case series to controlled observational studies and randomized clinical trials, but the evidence for its effect is not clear. This paper aims to evaluate the beneficial and harmful effects of SFI for treatment of HF in randomized controlled trials.

2. Methods

2.1. Database and Search Strategies

A systematic search was conducted in 5 databases including PubMed (1980–2011), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (1994–2010), VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals (1979–2010), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (1995–2011), and Cochrane Library (Issue 10, 2011), with the following terms: (Shenfu injection or Shenfu or Shen-fu) AND (heart failure or cardiac dysfunction or cardiac inadequacy or cardiac failure or congestive heart failure). All of those searches ended before November 2011. And the bibliographies of included trials were searched for thorough references, irrespective of languages.

2.2. Inclusion Criteria

All the randomized controlled trails (RCTs) of SFI compared with routine or conventional treatment (control group) in adult patients with HF were included. RCTs combined SFI with conventional treatment and/or invasive respiratory support (SFI group) compared with conventional treatments and/or invasive respiratory support (control group) were included. Both acute heart failure and chronic heart failure were included. Outcome measures include clinical effect rate, death and adverse events, ultrasonic cardiography, heart rate and blood pressure, and quality of life.

2.3. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment

Two authors (S. Wen-Ting and C. Fa-Feng) extracted the data from the included trials independently, based on the inclusion criteria outlined above. Nonrandomized evaluations, pharmacokinetic studies, animal/laboratory studies, and general reviews were excluded, and duplicated publications reporting the same groups of patients were also excluded (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Diagram of the study selection flow.

Extracted data was entered into an electronic database by two authors, S. Wen-Ting and C. Fa-Feng independently. The methodological quality of RCTs was assessed by using criteria from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.0.1. The quality of trials was categorized into low risk of bias, unclear risk of bias, or high risk of bias according to the risk for each important outcome within included trials, including adequacy of generation of the allocation sequence, allocation concealment, blinding, whether there were incomplete outcome data or selective outcome, or other sources of bias.

2.4. Data Synthesis

The statistical package (RevMan 5.0.2), which is provided by The Cochrane Collaboration, was used to analyze collected data. Dichotomous data was presented as risk ratio (RR), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Continuous outcomes were presented as mean difference (MD), with 95% CI. Analyses were performed by intention-to-treat where possible. Heterogeneity between trials results was tested, and heterogeneity was presented as significant when I 2 is over 50% or P < 0.1. Random effect model was used for the meta-analysis if there was significant heterogeneity, and fixed effect model was used when the heterogeneity was not significant [21]. Publication bias was explored via a funnel-plot analysis.

3. Result

3.1. Search Flow

According to the search strategy, we screened out 903 potentially relevant studies for further identification (Figure 2). By reading titles and abstracts, we excluded 701 studies that were obviously ineligible, including review articles, case reports, animal/experimental studies, and nonrandomized trials. 202 studies with full text papers were retrieved. After the full text reading, 6 studies were excluded because of duplicated publication. 84 studies were excluded due to lack of clinical effect rate which is the primary outcome evaluated in present study. 4 studies were excluded because the reported groups of participants were same as previous trials. In 108 RCTs, 11 studies were excluded due to other herbal intervention which was combined with SFI as treatment arm. Thus, 97 RCTs [9–20, 22–108] were included for systematic review.

3.2. Description of Included Trials

Ninety seven RCTs involved a total of 8,202 patients with HF, including 92 trails (7854 patients) of chronic HF and 5 trials (348 patients) of acute HF. The sample size varied from 24 to 248 participants, with an average of 42 patients per group. Since RCTs of HF on children were excluded, patients are adults (ranged from 28 to 89 years old). More males were included than females (52% males and 48% females). Disease duration was reported in 31 trials, ranging from 3 months to 26 years. 49 trials were observed in inpatients, 5 outpatients [22–26], 5 both inpatients and outpatients [27–31], and 39 unclear. All studies were published in Chinese.

Mortality was reported in eleven studies, while the rest of the eighty eight trials did not mention death. Effect rate was assessed in all the trials, based on the improvement of heart function. Ninety one trials used New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classification of Clinical Status, and six trials used Killip's Rating Standards [22, 25, 26, 33–35] for diagnosing HF and rating the patients. Patients in fifty one trails ranged from II to IV, seven trials II to III, twenty one trials III to IV, and five trials IV according to NYHA Classification; patients in five trials ranged from II to IV and one trial IV according to Killip's Standard）.

Results of ultrasonic cardiography were reported in 61 trails (5135 patients) with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as main parameter. Other parameters such as left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDd), cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), and A peak E-wave velocity ratio (E/A) were reported in 16, 17, 20, 18, and 11 trials, respectively. N-terminal pro-B-type nature tripeptide (NT-proBNP) level in blood was reported in 12 studies of 887 patients, and 6-minute walk distance (6-MWD) was reported in 8 trials of 630 patients. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were reported in 27, 15, and 13 trials, respectively (Table 1).

Table 1.

Characters of including trials.

Author Name Inpatient (Y/N) Course Experiment group Control group NYHA classification Disease duration Followup (month)
Bao and Yu [61] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Chen [55] Unclear 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV Unclear No
Chen and Liu [14] Y 60 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt plus metoprolol 6.25 mg, bid, po Conventional medicine treatment plus metoprolol 6.25 mg, bid,po II-III 1–15 y No
Chen and Li [51] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt plus sodium nitroprusside 50 mg, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment plus sodium nitroprusside 50 mg, iv.gtt IV Unclear No
Chen et al. [52] Y 15 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV 4.5 y on average No
Chen et al. [56] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV 1.5 month–8 y No
Cui [86] Unclear 10 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Digoxigenin 0.25 mg II-III 2–7 y No
Deng and Tang [15] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 20–40 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Di [67] Unclear Unclear Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40 mL, bid, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV 3–17 y No
Dou [97] Unclear 10 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV 12 ± 1.5 y No
Fan [60] Y 21 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Metoprolol 12.5 mg, bid, po, +captopril 12.5 mg, tid, po II–IV Unclear No
Fan et al. [101] Unclear 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Geng et al. [27] Both 12 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV 0.5–9 y No
Gu et al. [69] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 100 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV 1.5–12 y No
Guo et al. [49] Unclear 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV Unclear No
Guo et al. [23] N 7 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 20 mL, iv + 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt plus non invasive positive pressure ventilation Conventional medicine treatment plus non invasive positive pressure ventilation Unclear Unclear No
Guo et al. [102] Y 7 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40–60 mL, qd, iv.gtt plus invasive respiratory support Conventional medicine treatment plus invasive respiratory support IV Unclear No
Han and Li [36] Y 15 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV 4.54 ± 2.1 y No
He [70] Unclear 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV 1–14 y No
He [98] Unclear 7–20 d/10–30 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 20–40 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV 3–16 y No
Hong [44] Unclear 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 80 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV Unclear No
Hou and Hong [17] Unclear 7 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60–100 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Huang [13] Unclear 7 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 20 mL iv + 40 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV Unclear No
Huang [53] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Huang et al. [24] N Unclear Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt plus sodium nitroprusside 50 mg, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment plus sodium nitroprusside 50 mg, iv.gtt Unclear Unclear No
Jia and Yang [71] Y 20 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Jian and Chen [88] Unclear 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60–80 mL, bid, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV 6.5 y on average No
Jiang [62] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Jin and Guo [95] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Ju [37] Unclear 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 30 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Lei and Li [92] Y 7–10 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Lei et al. [12] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV 1–18 y 3
Li et al. [9] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV 1–20 y 3
Li et al. [72] Y 15 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 30 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV 5–26 y No
Li [96] Unclear 15 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV Unclear No
Li et al. [73] Unclear 15 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 100 mL, qd, iv.gtt plus sodium nitroprusside 50 mg Conventional medicine treatment plus sodium nitroprusside 50 mg IV l–25 y No
Li [93] Unclear 10 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 1 mL/kg body weight, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Liu [75] Y 21 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Liu and Sun [18] Unclear 7 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 100 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment Unclear Unclear No
Liu and Chan [50] Unclear 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Liu et al. [20] Y 28 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV 9 month–14 y No
Liu [74] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Liu et al. [94] Unclear 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Lv [57] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV Unclear No
Luo et al. [76] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment plus sodium nitroprusside III-IV Unclear No
Luo et al. [38] Unclear 10 d/m 6 months Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV >3 months 6
Ma et al. [48] Unclear 20 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 30–40 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II-III Unclear No
Ma and Huang [99] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Ma [77] Unclear 15 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 20 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Pan et al. [89] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 100 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment plus dobutamine hydrochloride 40 ng, qd, iv.gtt II–IV 2.5 month–11 y No
Qiu [103] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Ru [46] Unclear 10 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV Unclear No
Shang [78] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Song [106] Y 15 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II-III Unclear No
Song et al. [10] Y 15 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Su [90] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 100 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Tan et al. [58] Unclear 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Tian and Gong [16] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV 2–20 y No
Tian [80] Y 15 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV >7 months No
Tu and Yang [63] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 80 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Tu et al. [32] Unclear 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 100 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
G. L. Wang and J. Wang [104] Y 15 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV 2.5–16 y No
Wang [100] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment Unclear 22.3 ± 4.8 y No
Wang [39] Unclear 15 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Wang [28] Both 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV 0.6–7 y No
Wang and Ye [87] Y 10 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40–100 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV 14.2 y mean No
Wang et al. [81] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment IV 3–10 y No
Wu and Duan [45] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II-III Unclear No
Wu and Wang [64] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 100 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Wu et al. [40] Unclear 10 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Yang and Wu [82] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV Unclear No
Yang et al. [54] Y 15 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV 5.1 y No
Yao and Lu [65] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Yin [83] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40 mL, qd, iv Conventional medicine treatment II–IV 0.5–12 y No
Yu et al. [84] Unclear 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Yu [66] Unclear 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Zhan and Yang [47] Unclear 20 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40 mL, qd, iv.gtt plus metoprolol. 25 mg–75 mg, bid po Conventional medicine treatment plus metoprolol. 25 mg–75 mg, bid, po II-III Unclear 12
Zhang [79] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV 3–15 y No
Zhang et al. [85] Y 20 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 30 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Zhang [42] Y 21 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II-III Unclear No
Zhang and Pan [30] Both 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40–60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV 2–16 y No
Zhang [29] Both 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV Unclear No
Zhang [43] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Zhao et al. [11] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment plus isoket 10 mg,qd,iv.gtt II–IV 1–20 y 3
Zhao [91] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment Unclear Unclear No
Zhou [59] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment IV 3–15 y No
Zhou [19] Y 10 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 80 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Zhou et al. [31] Both 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Zhu and Ma [105] Y 15 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment III-IV Unclear No
Zi and Li [41] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40–100 mL, qd, iv or iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment plus dobutamine hydrochloride 50–100 mg II–IV Unclear No
Guo et al. [22] N 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60–100 mL, bid, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
Mo and Zhao [25] N 7 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60–100 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV 1–7 d No
Song and Zhang [33] Y 10 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 40–60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment plus dobutamine hydrochloride 40 mg II–IV Unclear No
Zeng et al. [34] Y 7 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 50 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment IV Unclear No
Zeng [26] N 10 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60–100 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV 1–72 h No
Zhang [35] Y 14 d Conventional medicine treatment plus SFI 60 mL, qd, iv.gtt Conventional medicine treatment II–IV Unclear No
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Conventional medicine treatment includes sitting up position, supplemental oxygen, vasodilator such as nitroglycerine, diuretics such as furosemide, and cardiotonic agents such as lanatoside C, ACE inhibitors, and β-blockers.

3.3. Methodological Quality of Included Trials

According to our predefined quality assessment criteria, all of 97 included trials were evaluated as having unclear risk of bias (Table 2, Figure 3). None of the 97 trials reported sample size calculation. Eleven trials described randomization procedures, nine trials [9–11, 20, 30, 38–41] used a random number table, one drew lots [19], and one trial separated patients by odd and even number of patient ID as a quasirandomization [42]. Only one trial [43] blinded both patients and outcome assessors, and three trials [44–46] blinded patients. None of the trials reported adequate allocation concealment. Five out of ninety seven trials mentioned that followup ranged from 3 months to 12 months after treatment. One trial [47] followed all the patients for 12 months, one trail [38] for 6 month, and the rest [9, 11, 12] for 3 months. However, neither of them used intention to treat method.

Table 2.

Bias of including trails.

Author Name Sequence generation Allocation concealment Blinding Incomplete outcome data Selective outcome reporting Other source of bias Risk of bias
Bao and Yu [61] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Chen [55] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Chen and Liu [14] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Chen and Li [51] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Chen et al. [52] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Chen et al. [56] Unclear Unclear N Y N Unclear Unclear
Cui [86] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Deng and Tang [15] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Di [67] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Dou [97] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Fan [60] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Fan et al. [101] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Gao et al. [68] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Geng et al. [27] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Gu et al. [69] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Guo et al. [49] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Guo et al. [23] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Guo et al. [102] Unclear Unclear N Y N Unclear Unclear
Han and Li [36] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
He [70] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
He [98] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Hong [44] Unclear Unclear Single-blind N N Unclear Unclear
Hou and Hong [17] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Huang [13] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Huang [53] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Huang et al. [24] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Jia and Yang [71] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Jian and Chen [88] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Jiang [62] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Jin and Guo [95] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Ju [37] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Lei and Li [92] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Lei et al. [12] Unclear Unclear N Y N Unclear Unclear
Li et al. [9] Random number table Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Li et al. [72] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Li [96] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Li et al. [73] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Li [93] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Liu [75] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Liu and Sun [18] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Liu and Chan [50] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Liu et al. [20] Random number table Unclear N Y N Unclear Unclear
Liu [74] Unclear Unclear N Y N Unclear Unclear
Liu et al. [94] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Lv [57] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Luo et al. [76] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Luo et al. [38] Random number table Unclear N Y N Unclear Unclear
Ma et al. [48] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Ma and Huang [99] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Ma [77] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Pan et al. [89] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Qiu [103] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Ru [46] Unclear Unclear Single-blind N N Unclear Unclear
Shang [78] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Song [106] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Song et al. [10] Random number table Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Su [90] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Tan et al. [58] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Tian and Gong [16] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Tian [80] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Tu and Yang [63] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Tu et al. [32] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
G. L. Wang and J. Wang [104] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Wang [100] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Wang [39] Random number table Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Wang [28] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Wang and Ye [87] Unclear Unclear N Y N Unclear Unclear
Wang et al. [81] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Wu and Duan [45] Unclear Unclear Single-blind Y N Unclear Unclear
Wu and Wang [64] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Wu et al. [40] Random number table Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Yang and Wu [82] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Yang et al. [54] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Yao and Lu [65] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Yin [83] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Yu et al. [84] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Yu [66] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Zhan and Yang [47] Unclear Unclear N Y N Unclear Unclear
Zhang [79] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Zhang et al. [85] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Zhang [42] odd and even number of ID Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Zhang and Pan [30] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Zhang [29] Random number table Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Zhang [43] Unclear Unclear Double-blind N N Unclear Unclear
Zhao et al. [11] Random number table Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Zhao [91] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Zhou [59] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Zhou [19] Drew lots Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Zhou et al. [31] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Zhu and Ma [105] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Zi and Li [41] Random number table Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Guo et al. [22] Unclear Unclear N Y N Unclear Unclear
Mo and Zhao [25] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Song and Zhang [33] Unclear Unclear N Y N Unclear Unclear
Zeng et al. [34] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Zeng [26] Unclear Unclear N N N Unclear Unclear
Zhang [35] Unclear Unclear N Y N Unclear Unclear
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Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.

3.4. Effect of the Interventions

The primary outcomes were effect rate and mortality. Secondary outcome measures included LVEF, LVDd, SV, CO, CI, HR, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), NT-proBNP, and 6-MWD.

3.4.1. Primary Outcomes

Effect Rate —

All the trials reported clinical effect rate to evaluate the outcome, which was based on NYHA Classification of Clinical Status and Killip's Rating Standards. Killip's Rating Standards were used by six trials with patients of myocardial infarction-induced HF, while other trials used NYHA Classification. Most of trails used three categories to evaluate treatment effect including markedly effective (an improvement of two classes on the classification), effective (an improvement of one class), and ineffective (no improvement, deterioration or death), and others only reported total effect. Total effect rate is the combination of markedly effect rate and effect rate. Trials of myocardial infarction-induced HF and nonmyocardial infarction-induced HF were separated into two subgroups. The meta-analysis showed a total significant difference between SFI and control groups on total effect rate (RR: 1.19, 95% CI [1.17, 1.21]; P < 0.01). And significant difference appeared in both subgroups separately, with RR ratio 1.19 in subgroup of myocardial infarction-induced HF (95% CI [1.16, 1.21]; P < 0.01), and 1.46 in the other subgroup (95% CI [1.25, 1.70]; P < 0.01) (Figure 4).

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Forest plot of comparison: effect rate.

Death —

Eleven studies reported mortality data, and total death number was 142 out of 978. Two trials [12, 38] assessed the mortality with 3- and 6-month followup, respectively, and other trials reported death at the end of treatment course. Trials were also separated into two subgroups depending on whether HF was induced by myocardial infarction. The result of meta-analysis indicated that SFI can significantly reduce mortality of patients of myocardial infarction-induced HF (RR: 0.52, 95% CI [0.37, 0.74]; P < 0.01). In the other subgroup, there was no significant difference between mortalities of SFI group and control group (RR: 0.68, 95% CI [0.36, 1.26]; P = 0.22). However, total result of both subgroups showed significant difference (RR: 0.56, 95% CI [0.41, 0.75]; P < 0.01) (Figure 5).

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Forest plot of comparison: death.

3.4.2. Secondary Outcomes

NT-proBNP —

NT-proBNP level is used for screening and diagnosis of acute HF and may be useful to establish prognosis in HF, as it is typically higher in patients with worse outcome [109]. It was reported in 12 studies [20, 22, 38, 45, 49, 52, 54–59] on 887 patients. Consistent with effect rate and other outcomes, NT-proBNP levels of SFI group were significantly lower than control group (WMD: −201.26; 95% CI [−255.27, − 147.25], P < 0.01) (Figure 6).

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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Forest plot of comparison: NT-proBNP.

6-MWD —

Eight trials [47–54] assessed 6-MWD of patients who received SFI or routine treatment. At the end of treatment, eight trails all showed significant increase in walking distance in SFI group, and meta-analysis result was WMD: 14.22; 95% CI [10.31, 18.13], P < 0.01 (Figure 7).

Figure 7.

Figure 7

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Forest plot of comparison: 6-MWD.

Heart Rate and Blood Pressure —

Heart rate and blood pressure were reported in 27 and 15 trials, respectively. Meta-analysis showed that there was statistical significance between SFI group and control group (WMD: 6.31; 95% CI [5.18, 7.44], P < 0.01) (see Supplementary Figure  1 in Supplementary Material available online at doi: 10.1155/2012/713149). However, there was no significant difference between both SBP and DBP in two groups (WMD: −0.07; 95% CI [−0.42, 0.27], P = 0.68) (WMD: −0.37; 95% CI [−0.97, 0.23], P = 0.22) (Supplementary Figures 2 and 3 in Supplementary Material available online at doi: 10.1155/2012/713149).

Results of Ultrasonic Cardiography —

LVEF is the ratio of the stroke volume and the left ventricular end-diastolic volume [107]. It is usually used for the assessment of HF and drug efficacy. Sixty-one studies reported the outcomes for LVEF. Meta-analysis showed that SFI group was better than control group in increasing LVEF (WMD: 6.31; 95% CI [5.18, 7.44], P < 0.01) (Supplementary Figure  4).

SV is the volume per stroke by left ventricle, and CO is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart in the time interval of one minute [107]. CI is a vasodynamic parameter that is relating CO to body surface area [107]. All the three parameters indicate left ventricular systolic function, as LVEF does. This paper made meta-analysis of these outcomes, respectively; results showed that SFI group was better than control group in these three parameters: SV (WMD: 7.25; 95% CI [4.60, 9.90], P < 0.01); CO (WMD: 0.67; 95% CI [0.47, 0.87], P < 0.01); CI (WMD: 0.36; 95% CI [0.23, 0.48], P < 0.01) (Supplementary Figures  5–7).

E/A ratio is widely accepted as a clinical marker of diastolic HF, and E/A ratio is reduced in diastolic dysfunction [108]. The result of meta-analysis of E/A ratio was WMD: 0.15; 95% CI [0.08, 0.22], P < 0.01, which indicated that SFI better improved diastolic function of heart on HF patients than conventional medicine treatment did (Supplementary Figure  8).

LVDd is the end-diastolic dimension of the left ventricle. There was no statistical significance between SFI combined with conventional medicine treatment and conventional medicine treatment groups (WMD: −1.59; 95% CI [−5.29, 2.12], P = 0.40) (Supplementary Figure  9).

3.4.3. Quality of Life

None of the trials reported quality of life.

3.5. Publication Bias

Funnel plots based on the data of effect rate were elaborated in Figure 8. The figure was asymmetrical, which indicated that potential publication bias might influence the results of this paper. Although we conducted comprehensive searches and tried to avoid bias, since all trials were published in Chinese, we could not exclude potential publication bias.

Figure 8.

Figure 8

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Funnel plot of comparison: effect rate.

3.6. Adverse Effect

Thirty seven out of ninety seven trials mentioned the adverse effect except in sixty-two trials which was unclear. Thirteen trials [9–20, 60] reported the following thirteen specific symptoms of side effects including dry mouth, dryness heat, fullness of the head, insomnia, dysphoria, skin itching, tachycardia, feverish dysphoria, flushing of face, tidal fever, dizziness due to low blood pressure, gastrointestinal discomfort, and palpitation. Among these side effects, dry mouth and fullness of the head were reported in 4 trails with 14 and 10 cases, respectively. These symptoms were regarded to be mild and recovered spontaneously after SFI withdrawal. Twenty four trials reported that no side effects were observed in the SFI group (Table 3).

Table 3.

Adverse events.

Symptom Reported trails Cases reported
Dry mouth 4 [10, 16, 17, 60] 14
Fullness of the head 4 [9–12] 10
Dryness heat 2 [10, 13] 7
Insomnia 1 [13] 3
Dysphoria 1 [14] 2
Skin itching 1 [15] 1
Tachycardia 1 [16] 1
Feverish dysphoria 2 [17, 18] 5
Flushing of face and tidal fever 1 [19] 8
Dizziness due to low blood pressure 1 [20] 1
Gastrointestinal discomfort 1 [20] 1
Palpitation 1 [18] 2
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The above side effects might be related to higenamine, which is the active ingredient of prepared aconite root. In TCM books and papers, prepared aconite root is frequently mentioned with adverse effects as dry mouth, dryness heat, fullness of the head, and dysphoria due to its strong effect of strengthening yang.

4. Discussion

In many years, western medicine has made tremendous progress and has become the dominating medical treatment worldwide. However, it has been increasingly recognized that western medicine may sometimes fail to treat an illness, whereas such illness is reportedly improved by the so-called complementary medicine based on a different theory [110, 111]. Although conventional therapeutic approaches were used in HF, it remained a cardiovascular disease with an increasing hospitalization burden and an ongoing drain on health care expenditures [2]. TCM plays an important role in treating HF in China. SFI was a traditional Chinese Patent Medicine based on TCM theory, which was approved by the Chinese State Food and Drug Administration. In recent 10 years, it has been widely used for HF in many hospitals and clinics. However, few RCTs of SFI were reported in English journals, and it was difficult for western doctors to accept SFI as an alternative medicine. Although there were two systematic reviews about SFI for HR published in Chinese journal [112, 113], only 16 and 8 trials were included in their study. Therefore, the present study aimed to systematically assess the efficacy and safety of SFI for HR.

Data from the 97 RCTs demonstrated that SFI combined with conventional medication may be more effective on HF than conventional medication only. With improvement of cardiofunction of patients, based on NYHA Classification of Clinical Status and Killip's Rating Standards, the effect rate of SFI group was, on average, 17 percent more than control group (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.21). Mortality data was another primary outcome. In eleven trials in which death was recorded, meta-analysis showed that mortality was significantly lower in SFI group than control group. This result was mainly contributed by subgroup of HF induced by myocardial infarction, for patients in this subgroup were more vulnerable.

Ultrasonic cardiography is widely used in inspection for HF patients. From results of ultrasonic cardiography, the systolic and diastolic functions of heart can be interpreted. LVEF, CO, CI, SV, LVDd, and E/A were reviewed by us, respectively. There was significant difference between SFI group and control group in all of the outcomes except LVDd. Since SV, CO, CI, and LVEF indicate heart systolic function, and E/A indicate heart diastolic function, conclusion can be drawn that SFI benefits both systolic and diastolic functions of heart. But it did not have significant effect on expansion of heart. NT-proBNP level in serum of SFI group was significantly lower than the control group, which is inconsistent with effect rate. 6-MWD results of patients of SFI group also are better than thos of control group. It indicates that SFI had a tendency to improve life status. Furthermore, heart rate was obviously reduced in SFI group, which could be related to alleviation of HF.

Meta-analysis on LVEF, CO, CI, SV, LVDd, E/A, heart rate, and NT-proBNP all showed significant heterogeneity. Several possible explanations can be given, for example, different complications, different instruments employed for test, and difference in methodological rigor.

However, we should consider the following limitations before accepting the findings of this paper.

Firstly, the methodological quality of the included studies is generally poor. Although all trials claimed to perform randomization, only eleven trials reported the procedure to generate the sequence, while the rest of trials did not give any details of the randomization method. Thus, whether randomization was effectively conducted in these trials was doubtful. Blinding was mentioned in four trials, with one trial blinded patients and outcome assessors [43] and three blinded patients only [44–46]. Neither of them described the methods of allocation concealment. Dropouts account and intention to treat analysis were not mentioned in all the trails. Due to inadequate reporting of methodological design, it was possible that there was performance bias and detection bias due to patients and researchers being aware of the therapeutic interventions for the subjective outcome measures. Therefore, we cannot draw a confident conclusion that there were significant beneficial effects of SFI combined with conventional medicine treatment compared with conventional medicine treatment.

Secondly, limited outcomes were reported, especially death and adverse events. Since HF is a disease with high mortality, death is the most important primary outcome. However, only eleven studies out of ninety seven trials reported death, and most of the eleven trials assessed mortality at the end of treatment, without followup. Another outcome was adverse events, to which more attention should be attached. Only 37.4% of the trials described the occurrence of adverse events, indicating an incomplete evaluation of the safety profile of SFI, as well as poor quality of reporting. In most trials, the duration of therapy and followup was too short to achieve conclusive results, except that only one trial had a treatment of 10 months [47]. Only 6 included trials had a followup period (ranged from 3 to 12 months), while in rest of studies, the outcomes were evaluated at the end of the treatment (mostly range from 14 to 21 days). In order to evaluate drug efficacy for chronic HF, long-term improvement (at least 6 months) of chronic HF-specific clinical symptoms is needed [114], because some drugs have shown to increase mortality in the long-term application despite a short-term improvement in clinical symptoms [115]. In addition, long-term toxicity assessment was also important for drug safety evaluation.

Next, although irrespective of languages, all the trials included in this paper were published in Chinese journals, Zhang et al. and Liu et al. [115, 116] found that some Asian countries including China unusually publish high proportions of positive results. Wu et al. [117] and Jin et al. [118] accounted that RCTs in Chinese journals often had problems of low methodological quality and selective publication of positive results. Considering that all of the ninety seven trials were published in Chinese, the publication bias possibly existed.

Additionally, none of the ninety seven trials reported sample size calculation, and in most trials, the sample size was limited. Further high-quality studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm the effectiveness of SFI in treating HF. Quality of life was not reported in all the including trials. Although 6-MWD showed a tendency of SFI to improve life status for HF patients, we advise future RCTs to select outcomes of life quality according to international practice.

Considering that there was no sufficient amount of high-quality trials on SFI treating patients with HF, the effectiveness and safety of SFI need further rigorous trials to prove, which should be consistent with the CONSORT statement on the reporting of the results of randomized trials (http://www.consort-statement.org/).

5. Conclusion

The preliminary conclusion of the current study suggests that SFI might be beneficial to patients with HF. More rigorously designed trails with high methodological quality are necessary for further proof.

Supplementary Material

Compared with routine treatment and/or device support, SFI combined with routine treatment and/or device support showed better effect on ultrasonic cardiography. Significance are showed in most parameters of cardiography, namely, LVEF (WMD: 6.31; 95% CI [5.18, 7.44], P<0.01), SV (WMD:7.25; 95%CI [4.60, 9.90], P<0.01), CO (WMD: 0.67; 95%CI [0.47, 0.87], P<0.01), CI (WMD: 0.36; 95%CI [0.23, 0.48], P<0.01) and E/A ratio (WMD:0.15; 95%CI [0.08, 0.22], P<0.01). There were no significant difference in LVDd (WMD: −1.59; 95% CI [-5.29, 2.12], P=0.40), systolic blood pressure (WMD: −0.07; 95%CI [−0.42, 0.27], P=0.68) and diastolic blood pressure (WMD: −0.37; 95% CI [−0.97, 0.23], P=0.22) between SFI and routine treatment groups.

Click here for additional data file. (76.5KB, doc)

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

Acknowledgments

S. Wen-Ting and L. Jian-Xun were supported by a Grant from The Science and Technological Major Projects for Major New Drugs 2009ZX09303-003; L. Jian-Xun was in part supported by a Grant from The Science and Technological Major Projects for Major New Drugs 2009ZX09301-005. S. Wen-Ting and C. Fa-Feng have contributed equally to the work.

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Associated Data

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Supplementary Materials

Compared with routine treatment and/or device support, SFI combined with routine treatment and/or device support showed better effect on ultrasonic cardiography. Significance are showed in most parameters of cardiography, namely, LVEF (WMD: 6.31; 95% CI [5.18, 7.44], P<0.01), SV (WMD:7.25; 95%CI [4.60, 9.90], P<0.01), CO (WMD: 0.67; 95%CI [0.47, 0.87], P<0.01), CI (WMD: 0.36; 95%CI [0.23, 0.48], P<0.01) and E/A ratio (WMD:0.15; 95%CI [0.08, 0.22], P<0.01). There were no significant difference in LVDd (WMD: −1.59; 95% CI [-5.29, 2.12], P=0.40), systolic blood pressure (WMD: −0.07; 95%CI [−0.42, 0.27], P=0.68) and diastolic blood pressure (WMD: −0.37; 95% CI [−0.97, 0.23], P=0.22) between SFI and routine treatment groups.

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