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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Assessment. 2012 Feb 6;19(2):135–145. doi: 10.1177/1073191112436664
Pathological Narcissism
Grandiosity Strongly motivated to self-enhance in most contexts. Tendency to
repress negative aspects of self, feel entitled, have an inflated self-
image, engage in fantasies of superiority, and to be interpersonally
exploitative, exhibitionistic, and to lack empathy
Vulnerability Fragile self and affect regulatory capacities. Tendency to experience
shame or rage when narcissistic needs are disappointed, to be sensitive
to perceived threats to self-esteem, to avoid showing others faults or
concerns, and to shy away from relationships for fear of not receiving
desired admiration and recognition
Personality
Neuroticism Tendency to experience negative emotions such as sadness, anxiety,
 and anger
Extraversion Tendency to experience positive emotions such as happiness and to
 seek relationships, be gregarious
Openness Tendency to value new and different experiences and to be tolerant of
 others’ values and world views
Agreeableness Tendency to be interested in getting along with others, willing to defer
 personal agendas for the sake of smoother relationships
Conscientiousness Tendency to be organized, dutiful, careful and achievement-striving
Psychopathology/Functioning
Somatic Complaints Focus on physical health related issues
Anxiety Experience of generalized anxiety across different response modalities
Anxiety Related
 Disorders
Symptoms and behaviors related to OCD, phobias, and PTSD
Depression Experience of depression across different response modalities
Mania Experience of behavioral, affective, and cognitive symptoms of mania
 and hypomania
Paranoia Experience of paranoid symptoms and traits
Schizophrenia Symptoms relevant to the broad spectrum of schizophrenic disorders
Borderline Features Attributes indicative of borderline levels of personality functioning
Antisocial Features Focuses on behavioral and personological features of antisocial
 personality
Alcohol Problems Use of and problems with alcohol
Drug Problems Use of and problems with drugs
Aggression Characteristics and attitudes related to anger, assertiveness, and
hostility
Suicidal Ideation Frequency and intensity of thoughts of self-harm or fantasies about
 suicide
Treatment Rejection Attitudes that represent obstacles or indicate low motivation for
 treatment
Personality Pathology
Negative Temperament High scorers are prone to negative emotional experiences. They are
 moody and feel chronically nervous and stressed. They are easily
 annoyed or irritated, and with little provocation may feel even
 stronger emotions, such as anxiety or anger. They worry a great deal
 and have difficulty concentrating and sleeping as a result.
Low scorers are not at all nervous or anxious. They take life’s
 difficulties in stride and remain calm in most situations. They are no
 easily upset and recover quickly from negative experiences.
Mistrust High scorers are suspicious and mistrustful of others, and are
 generally cynical about interpersonal relationships. They feel that
 have often been betrayed or disappointed by those close to them, and
 that other take unfair advantage of them. They are self-protective and
 believe it is best to keep others from getting to know them too well.
Low scorers are trustful, even naïve, about interpersonal relationships.
 They feel stable and secure in their friendships, and do not feel the
 need to hide their feelings from others. They feel they are treated
 fairly and honestly by others.
Manipulativeness High scorers admin not only to manipulating others, but also to
 enjoying the many ways – both direct and indirect- that they take
 advantage of others’ weaknesses. They have little regard for the
 rights and feelings of others, and will bend the rules as they can get
 away with it. They consider themselves quite clever and skillful in
 pulling of their various con games.
Low scorers do enjoy trying to beat the system. They respect the
 propriety of others and would not hurt others to get what they want.
 They do not try to avoid work or to bend the truth to their advantage.
 They view those who do so as lazy.
Aggression High scorers are easily angered have difficulty controlling their anger.
 They frequently get into quarrels and admit that their violent temper
 often gets them into trouble. They enjoy physical fights and are
 readily provoked by perceived insults. They hold grudges and seek
 revenge when they feel wronged.
Low scorers do not readily become angry and easily control their
 temper when they do. They do not enjoy fighting and would go out of
 their way to avoid a fight. When insulted, they prefer to forgive and
 forget.
Self-harm High scorers have very low self-esteem – they feel they have made a
 mess of their lives and do not like themselves. They deal with tension
 or frustration by hurting themselves. They often feel that suicide is
 the only way out of their troubles and may have tried to commit
 suicide.
Low scorers are satisfied with the way they are handling their lives.
 They like themselves, are not self-abusers, and do not seriously
 consider suicide as a solution to their problems.
Eccentric Perceptions High scorers have depersonalization or derealization experiences.
 They feel that they have ESP or other special abilities such as
 clairvoyance. They claim to have unusual experiences, such as out-
 of-body episodes, or synesthetic experiences (e.g., sensing odors as
 colors).
Low scorers do not admit to either depersonalization or derealization
 experiences. They do not feel they have any “special” abilities or that
 their way of viewing the world is at all unusual. They deny odd
 perceptual experiences.
Dependency High scorers depend on others for direction and approval. They do not
 like to make decisions and prefer to have others choose for them,
 even in important matters. They do not have confidence in their
 decisions, have difficulty making up their minds, and base their
 decisions on what others think. They are concerned with please
 others and frequently check with others for approval.
Low scorers are self-reliant. They enjoy handling their own problems
 and making their own decisions. They are confident in their choices
 and decide things easily.
Positive Temperament High scorers enjoy their active and exciting lives. They have a good
 deal of energy, work hard, and undertake projects with enthusiasm.
 They are lively and cheerful, alert and interested in many things, and
 optimistic about the future.
Low scorers do not find their lives interesting or exciting. They are
 easily fatigued, rarely feel enthusiastic or inspired, have few interests,
 and are not excited by the thought of starting something new.
Exhibitionism High scorers love the limelight. They like to perform and do so
 whenever they have the chance. They like being the center of
 attention, and the life of the party. They dress so that people will
 notice them, and especially to attract sexual attention; they enjoy
 flirting.
Low scorers do not enjoy being the focus of attention. They prefer not
 to be noticed and they dress and act accordingly. They avoid public
 performance of any sort and do not attempt to attract sexual attention.
Entitlement High scorers view themselves as very special and extraordinary
 people. They feel they are knowledgeable and talented, and have
 many admirable and enviable qualities. They believe they deserve
 special recognition and privileges beyond what they are currently
 getting.
Low scorers are self-effacing and humble. They do not feel they are
 special, unusually talented, or particularly admirable. They do not
 believe they deserve special privileges or recognition.
Detachment High scorers are loners. They are aloof and distant from others and
 have few friends. They keep to themselves even when around others
 and prefer to spend their time alone. They do not have warm feelings
 toward others and claim not to experience many strong emotions at
 all.
Low scorers are “people people.” They go out of their way to meet
 people and enjoy the feeling of being with friends. They view
 themselves as warm and open with others.
Disinhibition High scorers act spontaneously with little regard for the consequences
 of their behavior for themselves or others. They pursue stimulating
 experiences without regard to social or legal norms or to potential
 risks. They are disorganized and often fail to honor their
 commitments to others.
Low scorers are not impulsive, nor do they manipulate others for their
 own ends. They hold conventional, conservative views regarding
 social, legal, ethical, and moral issues. They are serious people who
 believe in doing things in proper order and in following rules of all
 kinds.
Impulsivity High scorers are reckless individuals who prefer to do the first thing
 that comes to mind rather than stop and think things over. They live
 moment-to-moment and day-to-day, without plans for the immediate
 or long-term future. They like to take changes and to spend their
 money and their time on impulse.
Low scorers are cautious individuals who life a safe, quiet life. They
 prefer a level-headed, “sensible” approach to things, in which
 decisions are thought through and everything is planned out slowly
 and carefully. They keep track of their money, rationally plan their
 daily activities, and prepare for their future.
Propriety High scorers are greatly concerned with proper standards of conduct,
 Workaholismnot just for themselves, but for the community at large. They value
 Workaholismtheir reputation highly and place appearances over personal comfort
 or convenience. They emphasize the importance of following social
 Workaholismconventions to the letter and are offended when others violate the
 rules.
Low scorers are not concerned with social standards. They are
 comfortable with rude or boorish behavior and do not care about
 protecting their reputation. They are not strict about “right” and
 “wrong,” and place little importance on social rules or conventions.
Workaholism High scorers enjoy work more than play. They place work above all
 else, and neglect their friends and family to do so. They are
 perfectionists who feel they must finish everything they start and do
 not consider a job finished until it is perfect. They drive themselves
 hard, continuing to work on a problem even when exhausted, long
 after others have given up.
Low scorers do not enjoy hard work. They never get so caught up in
 their work that they neglect other aspects of their lives, and they find
 time to have fun no matter how busy they are. They do not push
 themselves and even enjoy being lazy. They do not feel the need to
 finish everything they start and will give up on a project when they
 are tired.