Fig. 3.

Schematic views of coupled changes within the Canada Basin and Beaufort Gyre observed from 2002 to 2010: a warming of the upper layer via reduced ice cover and altered surface albedo, of Pacific and Atlantic layers by incoming waters for the adjoining subarctic Pacific and Atlantic; b increased ice melt leading to fresher surface waters and formation of a subsurface temperature maximum below the summer ice melt layer; c deepening of the Pacific-origin halocline and associated chlorophyll maximum layer; d shift in the size-spectra of phytoplankton to smaller organisms; e decreased pH in the upper layers related to ice melt; and f increased upwelling of subarctic-origin waters onto the continental shelf owing to more efficient coupling of wind/ice/ocean at the shelf break