Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal logoLink to Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal
. 2012 Feb 1;14(2):70–74.

The Healing Effect of Arnebia Euchroma in Second Degree Burn Wounds in Rat as an Animal Model

S Ashkani-Esfahani 1, M H Imanieh 1, M Khoshneviszadeh 2, A Meshksar 1, A Noorafshan 3,*, B Geramizadeh 4, S Ebrahimi 5, F Handjani 6, N Tanideh 7
PMCID: PMC3372044  PMID: 22737558

Abstract

Background

Finding more efficient agents with fewer side effects for treatment of burns has always been a concern for researchers. Silver sulfadiazine (SSD), apparently due to its antimicrobial effect, is still one of the most common prescribed agents. Previous studies suggested that Arnebia euchroma (AE) has shown antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. This study investigates the healing effect of AE extract in comparison with SSD in second degree burn wounds.

Methods

Fort eight female Wistar rats (220±20 g) were divided into four groups. Standard second degree burn wounds were induced on the back of their necks. One group was treated with SSD; two groups were treated with AE cream at concentrations of 10% (AE10) and 20% (AE20) and the control group which received no treatment. The duration of treatment was 28 days.

Results

This study revealed that AE and SSD noticeably improved re-epithelization, fibroblasts proliferation, and collagen bundle synthesis and had a noticeable anti-inflammatory effect compared with the control group.

Conclusion

Results of the present study revealed that Arnebia euchroma herbal extract was an effective treatment for second degree burn wounds when compared with SSD.

Keywords: Healing, Arnebia euchroma, Burn, Wound, Rat

Introduction

One of the serious causes of morbidity and mortality all over the world is thermal burn injuries, which results in a large amount of expenditure and costs in health care.[1] In a study conducted in the West Azerbaijan Province of Iran, the incidence rate of burn hospitalization was 21.6 per 100.000 patients.[2] In another survey in south west of Iran, the overall incidence rates of hospitalization and death were 13.4 and 4.6 per 100 000 person-years.[3] Such reports showed noticeable incidence and mortality rates caused by burn injuries and their complications. Depending on the area, depth and site of the burn, the treatment is different.[4] There are many treatment choices for topical therapy of burn wounds such as silver sulfadiazine ointment (SSD), mafenide acetate and silver nitrate. For distinctive situations; bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxine B, mupirocin, silver-impregnated dressings or biologic membranes (such as Biobrane) are also used.[5] Conventional agents, particularly SSD ointments are still of the most common prescribed medicines for burn injuries.[6] On the other hand, there is insufficient evidence to show that silver-containing dressings inhibit wound infection and promote wound healing.[7]

The Arnebia genus from the family of Boraginaceae has various species growing in Asia and the drier regions of northern Africa.[8][9] Very prominent chemical components, namely naphthoquinones, are found in the outer layer of the roots of more than 150 species of Arnebia genus. Naphthoquinones fraction is composed of water-insoluble pigments such as shikonin and alkanin and isohexenylnaphthazarin esters derivatives which have widespread pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory,[9] antimicrobial,[10] and anti-tumoral activity.[11]

The purpose of this study was to determine the healing effect of Arnebia euchroma on second degree burn wounds in comparison to silver sulfadiazine ointment using pathological and unbiased stereological methods.

Materials and Methods

Arnebia euchroma was collected (June 2009) from Yasuj city at altitude of 720 meters. A voucher specimen of the plant (Jafari MD, 151) was deposited at the Herbarium of Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Sources, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran. Extract of leaves and root of the plant was prepared using a method introduced by Kaith et al.[9] To facilitate the application of the extract, a vehicle gel was produced using a reported method.[12] The concentrated plant extract was introduced to the gel in 10% and 20% v/v.

Forty eight female Wistar rats (220±20 g, nonfasted) were randomly divided into 4 groups. One group was treated with silver sulfadiazine ointment, and two groups treated with Arnebia euchroma extract at concentration of 10% (AE10) and 20% (AE20), and the control group (C) received no treatment. A 2×3 cm2 standard second degree burn wound was induced on the posterior surface of animal’s neck under general anesthesia by using a method employed by Kaufman T et al.[12] Treatments were carried out every 24 hrs for 28 days.

All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and care was in accordance with Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences guidelines.

All the specimens were formalin-fixed and stained with hematoxylin-eosin as well as Masson-trichrome. Slides were inspected for re-epithelization, granulation tissue formation and inflammation by using a reported scoring method.[4]

To determine the rate of wound area reduction, digital photographs were captured from the wound surfaces every other day. A standard ruler was laid at the wound level to find the magnification on the computer monitor. The wound area was calculated by using a method introduced by Gundersen HJ et al.[13] A full thickness circle of 10 mm was removed from the skin of the wounds, and then embedded in a cylindrical paraffin block. Five µm and 15 µm sections were provided and stained with both Hedenhain's azan and hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining.[13] Microscopic analyses were done using a video-microscopy system made up of a microscope (E-200, Nikon™, Japan) linked to a video camera, and a flat monitor.

The volume densities (Vv (structure/dermis)) of the collagen bundles were estimated at final magnification of 180 by using a reported method (Figure 1).[13] The length density of the vessels (Lv) and mean diameter of the vessels were estimated at final magnification of 180 by occupying a method introduced by Mühlfeld et al. (Figure 2).[14] For these purposes, 5 µm sections were employed. The numerical densities (NV; number of cell per unit volume) of fibroblasts were estimated by employing 15 µm sections at magnification of 450 on the monitor, and the “optical disector” method (Figure 3).[13][14]

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

The volume density (Vv (collagen/dermis)) of the collagen fibers was estimated using a grid of points (designed at Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences) on the live image of dermis. The total number of points hitting the bundles is counted and divided by the total number of points hitting the reference space (dermis). At the corner of this figure, a cross is presented. The right upper corner of the cross is considered as the point (arrow), and it is counted only if the right upper corner hits the tissue. (Hedenhain's azan stain) (×180)

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

(a) An unbiased counting frame (designed at Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences) was laid randomly on the monitor image of wound dermis for estimation of the length density (LV) and mean diameter of the vessels. Any vessel lied in the counting frame (1), or touched the inclusion borders (dotted lines) were selected. The vessels touched the exclusion borders (bold continuous lines), were ignored (2). (b) Mean diameter of the vessel were estimated by measuring the short axis of the vessel (short double arrow). (Hedenhain’s azan stain)

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

(a): An unbiased counting frame (designed at Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences) superimposed on the monitor image of the sections to estimate the numerical density (NV) of the fibroblasts. The nucleuses are unclear at the first 5 µm optical section (height of disector) (b): As above, any nucleus lied in the counting frame or touched the inclusion borders (yellow dotted lines) and did not touch the exclusion borders (bold yellow lines) and come into maximal focus within the next traveling 5 µm optical section (height of disector) are counted (the two arrows). (Hedenhain’s azan stain ×2000)

Data were collected, analyzed and reported as mean and standard deviation (Mean±S.D.). Statistical comparisons between groups were carried out by using SPSS software (Version 16.0, Chicago, IL, USA). One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post test =were used to analyze the data. P≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results

Pathological analyses of specimens revealed that the rate of granulation tissue formation was not significantly different between groups which received treatments (p=0.91) but differred considerably in comparison to the control group (p=0.045). There was slight acute inflammation in group SSD, slight acute inflammation in AE10, moderate acute inflammation in AE20 and a mixture of intense acute and chronic inflammation in the control group. Re-epithelization had covered more than 50% of the wounds in AE10, AE20 and SSD groups; but in control group, the ratio was less than 50%.

According to stereological analyses results, AE20 showed slower wound contracture in comparison with AE10 and SSD groups. On the other hand, the average of reduction in wound areas by AE10 was 16.73 mm2 per day, by AE20 was 14.95 mm2 per day and by SSD group was 17.73 mm2 per day which are meaningful in comparison to the average of 5.01 mm2 per day in the control group (p<0.001). Fibroblast proliferation rates (Nv) were higher than C by SSD ~42% (p=0.032); by AE10 ~40% (p=0.031) and by AE20 ~55% (p=0.019). Fibroblast proliferation rate by AE20 was insignificantly higher than SSD and AE10 groups (p>0.8).

Total volume of collagen fibers in SSD, AE20 and AE10 groups were similar but were significantly different from C group (p=0.017;Table 1).

Table 1. Mean (SD) of the numerical density of the fibroblasts (×103 per mm3), volume densities of the collagen bundles (Vv; %) and vessels, length density (mm/mm3) and mean diameter (μm) of vessels in the dermis of the burned rats treated with 10% and 20% solution of arnebia euchroma (AE10 and AE20) , silver sulfadiazine (SSD) and control group.

Groups Parameters
Nucleus density (Fibroblasts; Nv) Total collagen volume (Vv) Total vessel volume Length density of vessels (Lv) Mean diameter of vessels
Control 171.58 (59.23)a 0.82 (0.021)a 0.08 (0.019) 56.29 (9.65) 10.86 (2.02)
SSD 243.84 (39.32) 0.96 (0.035) 0.04 (0.034) 59.86 (15.44) 11.94 (2.79)
AE10 241.66 (43.57) 0.96 (0.028) 0.04 (0.026) 66.09 (22.54) 13.13 (3.58)
AE20 265.60 (58.12) 0.93 (0.028) 0.07 (0.027) 59.77 (13.87) 12.93 (2.98)
Open in a new tab

a p<0.05, Control vs. SSD and AE10 and AE20

In comparison with the C group, length density of vessels (Lv) was ~7% higher by SSD, ~17% higher by AE10, and ~7% higher by AE20, which were not different significantly (p>0.1). Mean diameter of vessels in comparison to the control group was ~10% higher by SSD group (p=0.34), ~21% higher by AE10 (p=0.09) and ~19% higher by AE20 (p=0.11).

Discussion

The antimicrobial activity of SSD is likely to be the main reason of its common administration.[6][15] Current reports suggest that silver-based products are better to be avoided due to their side effects and the investigators are making efforts to detect better topical antimicrobial products.[7] Recent studies revealed that SSD ointment has had positive effects on proliferation of fibroblasts which are the main source of collagen and fibronectin.[16] Also positive stimulatory efficacies of silver sulfadiazine on angiogenesis, epithelization and promotion of granulation tissue formation have previously been reported.[17][18][19][20][21] Pirbalouti and colleagues had investigated the healing effect of AE in burn wounds (not a specific type of wound) based on pathological analyses; they also reported the anti-inflammatory effect of AE as well as its significant impact on fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis.[22] In another study, Nikzad and colleagues reported the positive effect of AE on density of blood vessels based on morphometrical analysis, but results of their research did not show any significant healing effect of AE’s leaf in wound healing process.[23]

In this investigation, microscopic study of specimens showed higher rates of granulation tissue formation that improved in all treatment groups. Antiinflammatory response in AE10 and SSD groups were more efficient than AE20; however, AE20 had a better response to inflammation in comparison with the control group. Although wound closure rate and re-epithelization in AE20 were insignificantly weaker than AE10 and SSD, statistical analyses revealed that silver sulfadiazine and Arnebia euchroma had similar stimulatory impact on wound contracture. Both AE and SSD had significantly stimulatory influence on fibroblast proliferation, collagen bundle synthesis, and revascularization; however, Arnebia euchroma showed higher induction of neovascularization which is of considerable prominence.

Despite many researches on the wound healing effect of AE, there were no conducted studies based on both stereological and pathological analyses evaluating the impact of AE on second degree burn wounds. In addition, as mentioned above, there were some controversies among the results obtained by previous investigations. Results of this study showed that wound healing by Arnebia euchroma was relatively comparable to treatment with SSD; however, further clinical studies are required to prove the efficacy of this herbal medicine in human model.

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by grant 88-4911 from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Animals were provided by Animal house of Shiraz University of medical sciences. The work was carried out at Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre and Pathology ward of Namazi Hospital of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Footnotes

Conflict of interest: None declared.

References

  • 1.Lazarus GS, Cooper DM, Knighton DR, Percoraro RE, Rodeheaver G, Robson MC. Definitions and guidelines for assessment of wounds and evaluation of healing. Wound Repair Regen. 1994;2:165–70. doi: 10.1046/j.1524-475X.1994.20305.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Aghakhani N, Rahbar N, Feizi A. Epidemiology of Burn Injuries in West Azerbaijan Province, Western Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J . 2009;11:85–9. [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Panjeshahin MR, Lari AR, Talei AR, Shamsnia J, Alaghehbandan R. Epidemiology and mortality of burns in the South West of Iran. Burns. 2001;27:219–26. doi: 10.1016/S0305-4179(00)00106-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Eldad A, Weinberg A, Breiterman S, Chaouat M, Palanker D, Ben-Bassat H. Early nonsurgical removal of chemically injured tissue enhances wound healing in partial thickness burns. Burns. 1998;24:166–72. doi: 10.1016/S0305-4179(97)00086-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Brunicardi FC, Anderson DK, Billiar TR, Dunn DL, Hunter JG, Matthews JB, Pollock RE. Schwartz's Principles of Surgery. 9th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2009. [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Hermans MH. Results of a survey on the use of different treatment options for partial and full thickness burns. Burns. 1998;24:539–51. doi: 10.1016/S0305-4179(98)00079-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Storm-Versloot MN, Vos CG, Ubbink DT, Vermeulen H. Topical silver for preventing wound infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;3:CD006478. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006478.pub2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Liu H, Jin YS, Song Y, Yang XN, Yang XW, Geng DS, Chen HS. Three new compounds from Arnebia euchroma. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2010;12:286–92. doi: 10.1080/10286021003743861. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Kaith BS, Kaith NS, Chauhan NS. Anti-inflammatory effect of Arnebia euchroma root extracts in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1996;55:77–80. doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(96)01477-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Shen CC, Syu WJ, Li SY, Lin CH, Lee GH, Sun CM. Antimicrobial Activities of Naphthazarins from Arnebia euchroma. J Nat Prod. 2002;65:1857–62. doi: 10.1021/np010599w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.You YJ, Kim Y, Song GY, Ahn BZ. (E)-6-(1-alkyloxyiminoalkyl)-5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinones: synthesis, cytotoxic activity and antitumor activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett . 2000;10:2301–3. doi: 10.1016/S0960-894X(00)00447-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Kaufman T, Kalderon N, Ullmann Y, Berger J. Aloe vera gel hindered wound healing of experimental second-degree burns: a quantitative controlled study. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1988;9:156–9. doi: 10.1097/00004630-198803000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Gundersen HJ, Bendtsen TF, Korbo L, Marcussen N, Møller A, Nielsen K, Nyengaard JR, Pakkenberg B, Sørensen FB, Vesterby A. Some new, simple and efficient stereological methods and their use in pathological research and diagnosis. APMIS. 1988;96:379–94. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1988.tb05320.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Mühlfeld C, Nyengaard JR, Mayhew TM. A review of state-of-the-art stereology for better quantitative 3D morphology in cardiac research. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2010;19:65–82. doi: 10.1016/j.carpath.2008.10.015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Hosseini SV, Tanideh N, Kohanteb J, Ghodrati Z, Mehrabani D, Yarmohammadi H. Comparison between Alpha and Silver Sulfadiazine ointments in treatment of Pseudomonas infections in 3rd degree burns. Int J Surg . 2007;5:23–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2006.03.007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Coelho JM, Antoniolli AB, Nunes e Silva D, Carvalho TM, Pontes ER, Odashiro AN. Effects of silver sulfadiazine, ipê roxo (tabebuia avellanedae) extract and barbatimão (stryphnodendron adstringens) extract on cutaneous wound healing in rats. Rev Col Bras Cir . 2010;37:45–51. doi: 10.1590/S0100-69912010000100010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Han MC, Durmus AS, Karabulut E, Yaman I. Effects of Turkish propolis and silver sulfadiazine on burn wound healing in rats. Rev Med Vet. 2005;156:624–7. [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Amini M, Kherad M, Mehrabani D, Azarpira N, Panjehshahin MR, Tanideh N. Effect of Plantago major on burn wound healing in rat. J Appl Anim Res. 2010;37:53–56. doi: 10.1080/09712119.2010.9707093. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Hazrati M, Mehrabani D, Japoni A, Montasery H, Azarpira N, Hamidianshirazi AR, Tanideh N. Effect of honey on healing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected burn wounds in rat. J Appl Anim Res. 2010;37:161–165. doi: 10.1080/09712119.2010.9707117. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Hosseini SV, Niknahad H, Fakhar N, Rezaianzadeh A, Mehrabani D. The healing effect of honey, putty, vitriol and olive oil in Psudomonas areoginosa infected burns in experimental rat model. Asian J Anim Vet Adv. 2011;6:572–579. doi: 10.3923/ajava.2011.572.579. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Manafi A, Kohanteb J, Mehrabani D, Japoni A, Amini M, Naghmachi M, Zaghi AH, Khalili N. Active immunization using exotoxin a confers protection against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a mouse burn model. BMC J Microbiol. 2009;9:23–27. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-23. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Pirbalouti AG, Yousefi M, Nazari H, Karimi I, Koohpayeh A. Evaluation of Burn Healing Properties of Arnebia euchroma and Malva sylvestris. Electronic Journal of Biology. 2009;5:62–6. [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Nikzad H, Atlasi MA, Naseri Esfahani AH, Naderian H, Nikzad M. Effect of Arnebia leaf on the healing process of rat’s second degree burn. Feyz. 2010;14:99–106. [Google Scholar]

Articles from Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal are provided here courtesy of Brieflands

RESOURCES